Personalized medicine involves medical treatments based on the characteristics of individual patients, including their medical history, family history, and genetics. Although personal genetic information is becoming increasingly important in healthcare, there is a lack of sufficient education in medical genetics among physicians and the general public.[1][2][3] For example, pharmacogenomics (genetic factors influencing drug response) is practiced worldwide by only a limited number of pharmacists, although most pharmacy colleges in the United States now include it in their curriculum.[3] It is also increasingly common for genetic testing to be offered directly to consumers, who subsequently seek out educational materials and bring their results to their doctors.[1] Issues involving genetic testing also invariably lead to ethical and legal concerns, such as the potential for inadvertent effects on family members, increased insurance rates, or increased psychological stress.[4][5]
^ abLamb, N. E.; Myers, R. M.; Gunter, C. (2009). "Education and personalized genomics: Deciphering the public's genetic health report". Personalized Medicine. 6 (6): 681–690. doi:10.2217/pme.09.57. PMC 2821046. PMID 20161675.
^Salari, K. (2009). "The Dawning Era of Personalized Medicine Exposes a Gap in Medical Education". PLOS Medicine. 6 (8): e1000138. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000138. PMC 2719811. PMID 19707267.
^ abMcKinnon, R.; Anderson, C. (2011). "Transforming Pharmaceutical Education to Accelerate the Acceptance and Implementation of Personalized Medicine". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 75 (6): 107. doi:10.5688/ajpe756107. PMC 3175667. PMID 21931445.
^Salari, K.; Pizzo, P. A.; Prober, C. G. (2011). "Commentary: To Genotype or Not to Genotype? Addressing the Debate Through the Development of a Genomics and Personalized Medicine Curriculum". Academic Medicine. 86 (8): 925–927. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182223acf. PMID 21795901.
^Robertson, J. A. (2003). "The $1000 Genome: Ethical and Legal Issues in Whole Genome Sequencing of Individuals". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 35–36. doi:10.1162/152651603322874762. PMID 14735880. S2CID 15357657.
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