The Sumerian economy refers to the systems of trade in ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerian city-states relied on trade due to a lack of certain materials, which had to be brought in from other regions. Their trade networks extended to places such as Oman, Arabia, Anatolia, the Indus River Valley, and the Iranian Plateau. Sumerians also bought and sold property, but land tied to the temples could not be traded. There were three types of land—Nigenna, Kurra, and Urulal—and only Urulal land could be traded; Nigenna land belonged to the temple, while Kurra land belonged to the people working in the temple. Within Sumer, the Sumerians could use silver, barley, or cattle as currency
lapis lazuli to Sumer. Carnelian was also supplied by the Indus River Valley Civilization, who also had a large textile trade with Sumer. Gudea supposedly...
southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants ofSumer. Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 – c...
History ofSumer The history ofSumer spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk...
a temple. An example of a simple ziggurat is the White Temple of Uruk, in ancient Sumer. The ziggurat itself is the base on which the White Temple is...
The Literature of Ancient Sumer. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155572-5. Cunningham, Graham. "ETCSLcatalogue". Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature...
Warfare in Sumer predominantly consisted of small-scale conflicts between nearby city-states. Sumerian armies consisted of bronze-armoured soldiers armed...
evil in the land (ofSumer) — the god Enlil, lord of the foreign lands, commissioned Utu-hegal, the mighty man, king of Uruk, king of the four quarters...
states ofSumer developed a trade and market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley...
Gutians from the Zagros Mountains to the northeast. Sumer rose up again with the Third Dynasty of Ur (Neo-Sumerian Empire) in the late 22nd century BC...
has been some sort ofeconomy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity...
centuries. As a result, the political history ofSumer is one of almost constant warfare. Eventually Sumer was unified by Eannatum, but the unification...
tamtim) "bank of the sea." A more comprehensive name of southern Mesopotamia was Kengi, "the land," or Kengi Sumer, "the land ofSumer". Sumer has been supposed...
Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6, p. 220–221. Daniel 10:4 "Riyad as-Salihin 1822 - The Book of Miscellaneous...
the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization ofSumer. Centered on the city of Akkad (/ˈækæd/) and its surrounding...
longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (lit...
the city, although wood was not common in some cities ofSumer. Although most houses were made of mudbrick, mudplaster, and poplar. Houses could be tripartite...
titles, the styles "king of Assyria and Karduniash", "king ofSumer and Akkad", "king of the Upper and the Lower Seas" and "king of all peoples". Royal titles...
unclassified language that was spoken by the Gutian people, who briefly ruled over Sumer as the Gutian dynasty in the 22nd century BCE. The Gutians lived in the...
identified. From the point of view of the Akkadian Empire, Subartu marked the northern geographical horizon, just as Amurru, Elam and Sumer marked "west", "east"...
King ofSumer and Akkad (Sumerian: 𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵 lugal-ki-en-gi-ki-uri, Akkadian: šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi) was a royal title in Ancient Mesopotamia combining...
the indigenous population of Babylonia. Semitic-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came...
medium of exchange. Agriculture, like most pre-modern economies, constituted a vast majority of the Seleucid economy. Somewhere between 80 and 90% of the...
of the ancient Near East List of kings of Akkad List of Assyrian kings List of kings of Babylon Sumerian King List List of monarchs of Persia List of...
century by a collapse of the Iranian economy, which led to large scale emigrations of Iranians into Central Asia, India, the rest of the Middle East, and...
al-ʻĀmmah (1964). "Sumer". سومر. 20. Directorate General of Antiquities.: 10. The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the Badiyat ash-Sham...
Middle East adjacent to the Gulf. The world's oldest known civilization (Sumer) developed along the Persian Gulf and southern Mesopotamia. The oldest evidence...
the original religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa...
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