Acre Alexandria Antioch Arwad[9] Ashkelon Balearic Islands Beirut Cyprus Jaffa Jeddah Latakia Ruad Island Tyre Tunis Sousse Monastir
Iberian Armada:[10]
* Algeciras Almuñécar Pechina (Almeria) Vera Cartagena Elche, Alicante Port of modern day Santa Maria Qasr Abi Danish Lisbon Sagra La Garde-Freinet
Nickname(s)
Caliphate navy[11]/"Jihad state" navy[Notes 1]
Engagements
Ridda wars
Defense of Jeddah
Conquest of Darin (Qatif) [ar] island
Expeditions against the ports of Sasanid
Naval invasion to Fars
Capture of Acre
First conquest of Cyprus
Capture of Ruad Island
Second conquest of Cyprus
Battle of the Masts
Raid of Sicily
Capture of Rhodes Island
Conquest of Hind[12]
Sack of Thessalonica (904)
Conquest of southern Italy
Military unit
The Arab Empire maintained and expanded a wide trade network across parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. This helped establish the Arab Empire (including the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid Caliphates and also Fatimids) as the world's leading economic power throughout the 8th–13th centuries according to the political scientist John M. Hobson.[13] It is commonly believed that Mu‘awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan was the first planner and establisher of the Islamic navy.
The early caliphate naval conquest managed to mark long time legacy of Islamic maritime enterprises from the Conquest of Cyprus, the famous Battle of the Masts[14] up to of their successor states such as the area Transoxiana from area located in between the Jihun River(Oxus/Amu Darya) and Syr Darya, to Sindh (present day Pakistan), by Umayyad,[15] naval cove of "Saracen privateers" in La Garde-Freinet by Cordoban Emirate,[16] and the Sack of Rome by the Aghlabids in later era.[17][18][19]
Historian Eric E. Greek grouped Rashidun military constitution with their immediate successor states from the Umayyad until at least Abbasid caliphate era, along with their client emirates, as single entity, in accordance of Fred Donner criteria of functional states.[20] This grouping were particularly apply to the naval forces of the caliphate as a whole.[21] Meanwhile, Blankinship does not regard the transition of rule from Rashidun to Umayyad as the end of the military institution of the early caliphate, including its naval elements .[22] This remains at least until the end of the rule of the 10th Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, as Jihad as religious and political main motive for the military of 'early Jihad state' which spans from Rashidun caliphate until Hisham were still regarded by Blankinship as the same construct.[23]
^Hinds 1996, p. 133.
^ abBlankinship 1994, p. 1-36.
^Sallabi 2007, p. 298, Quoting Tarikh khulafa.
^Christides 2008, p. 11.
^Guilland 1959, p. 110.
^Kaegi 2008, pp. 384–385.
^Treadgold 1997, p. 938 (Note #1).
^Abed & Hellyer 2001, p. 80.
^Khalilieh... 2005, p. 315.
^Cite error: The named reference Muslim Spain 711-1492 A.D. A Sociological Study was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Khalilieh 1998, p. quoting Tarikh al Bahriyya wal Islamiyya fii Misr wal Sham by Ahmad Abaddy and Esayyed Salem..
^Hoyland 2015, p. 85.
^Hobson 2004, pp. 29–30.
^Bosworth 1996, pp. 157–158.
^Frastuti 2020, p. 122.
^Fromherz, Allen. "Islam and the Sea". Oxford Islamic studies. Oxford. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^Vasiliev 1935, p. 131-207.
^Treadgold 1988, pp. 285–286.
^Abun-Nasr 1987, pp. 55–58.
^Greek 2019, p. 42-43.
^Greek 2019, p. 42.
^Blankinship 1994, p. 1-11(INTRODUCTION).
^Blankinship 1994, p. 11-36.
Cite error: There are <ref group=Notes> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=Notes}} template (see the help page).
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