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Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium.[1]
The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide. They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environments and even higher in reducing / non-oxidizing environments (molybdenum disulfide up to 1100 °C, 2012 °F). The low-friction characteristics of most dry lubricants are attributed to a layered structure on the molecular level with weak bonding between layers. Such layers are able to slide relative to each other with minimal applied force, thus giving them their low friction properties.
However, a layered crystal structure alone is not necessarily sufficient for lubrication. In fact, there are some solids with non-lamellar structures that function well as dry lubricants in some applications. These include certain soft metals (indium, lead, silver, tin), polytetrafluroethylene, some solid oxides, rare-earth fluorides, and even diamond.[2]
Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems. However, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.
The four most commonly used solid lubricants are:
Graphite. Used in air compressors, food industry, railway track joints, brass instrument valves, piano actions, open gear, ball bearings, machine-shop works, etc. It is also very common for lubricating locks, since a liquid lubricant allows particles to get stuck in the lock worsening the problem. It is often used to lubricate the internal moving parts of firearms in sandy environments.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Used in CV joints and space vehicles.[3] Does lubricate in vacuum.
Hexagonal boron nitride. Used in space vehicles. Also called "white graphite."
Tungsten disulfide. Similar usage as molybdenum disulfide, but due to the high cost only found in some dry lubricated bearings.
Graphite and molybdenum disulfide are the predominant materials used as dry lubricants.
^Thorsten Bartels et al. "Lubricants and Lubrication" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_423
^Scharf, T. W.; Prasad, S. V. (2013-01-01). "Solid lubricants: a review". Journal of Materials Science. 48 (2): 511–531. Bibcode:2013JMatS..48..511S. doi:10.1007/s10853-012-7038-2. ISSN 1573-4803. S2CID 135902634.
^harshvs (2016-10-28). "Space tribology – An overview of application of tribology in space..." tribonet. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
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