Examples of drug eruptions. (A) Bullous dermatitis caused by sulfathiazole (B) Fixed drug eruption caused by phenolphtalein (C) Bullous erythema multiforme (D) Diffuse photosensitivity reaction.
Specialty
Dermatology
In medicine, a drug eruption is an adverse drug reaction of the skin. Most drug-induced cutaneous reactions are mild and disappear when the offending drug is withdrawn.[1] These are called "simple" drug eruptions. However, more serious drug eruptions may be associated with organ injury such as liver or kidney damage and are categorized as "complex".[2] Drugs can also cause hair and nail changes, affect the mucous membranes, or cause itching without outward skin changes.[3]
The use of synthetic pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals in medicine has revolutionized human health, allowing us to live longer lives. Consequently, the average human adult is exposed to many drugs over longer treatment periods throughout a lifetime.[4] This unprecedented rise in pharmaceutical use has led to an increasing number of observed adverse drug reactions.[4]
There are two broad categories of adverse drug reactions. Type A reactions are known side effects of a drug that are largely predictable and are called, pharmatoxicologic.[5] Whereas Type B or hypersensitivity reactions, are often immune-mediated and reproducible with repeated exposure to normal dosages of a given drug.[5] Unlike type A reactions, the mechanism of type B or hypersensitivity drug reactions is not fully elucidated. However, there is a complex interplay between a patient's inherited genetics, the pharmacotoxicology of the drug and the immune response that ultimately give rise to the manifestation of a drug eruption.[5]
Because the manifestation of a drug eruption is complex and highly individual, there are many subfields in medicine that are studying this phenomenon. For example, the field of pharmacogenomics aims to prevent the occurrence of severe adverse drug reactions by analyzing a person's inherited genetic risk.[6] As such, there are clinical examples of inherited genetic alleles that are known to predict drug hypersensitivities and for which diagnostic testing is available.[6]
^Manders SM (June 1995). "Serious and life-threatening drug eruptions". Am Fam Physician. 51 (8): 1865–72. PMID 7762478.
^Schaffer (2012). Jean L. Bolognia; Joseph L. Jorizzo; Julie V. (eds.). Dermatology (3rd ed.). [Philadelphia]: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0723435716.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid17973540 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abAdverse cutaneous drug eruptions. French, Lars E. Basel, Switzerland: Karger. 2012. ISBN 9783805599702. OCLC 798579099.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ abcDyer, Jon A. (2015). "Immunology of Cutaneous Drug Eruptions". Cutaneous Drug Eruptions. Springer, London. pp. 3–12. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6729-7_1. ISBN 9781447167280.
^ abPharmacogenomics : an introduction and clinical perspective. Bertino, Joseph S. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2013. ISBN 9780071741699. OCLC 793223356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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disorders such as IgA pemphigus, IgE pemphigus, pemphigus herpetiformis, drug-induced pemphigus, Senear Usher syndrome, and endemic pemphigus foliaceus...
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reaction. Risk factors include having conditions such as hay fever or asthma. Drugs that have caused allergic reactions evidenced as hives include codeine,...
skin rash, recent surgery, athlete's foot, dry skin, eczema, injecting drugs (especially subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or where an attempted...
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squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx. Paronychia can occur with diabetes, drug-induced immunosuppression, or systemic diseases such as pemphigus. Paronychia...
tarda, pemphigoid, pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, or blistering drugeruption. The condition is longterm and has no cure. A good response may be seen...
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