For infections resulting from diabetic foot disease, see Diabetic foot infection.
Medical condition
Diabetic foot
Other names
Diabetic foot syndrome
Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer
Specialty
Infectious disease, endocrinology, surgery
A diabetic foot disease is any condition that results directly from peripheral artery disease (PAD) or sensory neuropathy affecting the feet of people living with diabetes. Diabetic foot conditions can be acute or chronic complications of diabetes.[1] Presence of several characteristic diabetic foot pathologies such as infection, diabetic foot ulcer and neuropathic osteoarthropathy is called diabetic foot syndrome. The resulting bone deformity is known as Charcot foot.
Due to advanced peripheral nerve dysfunction associated with diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), patients' feet have a dryness of the skin and a reduced ability to feel pain (nociception). Hence, minor injuries may remain undiscovered and subsequently progress to a full-thickness diabetic foot ulcer. Moreover, foot surgery is well tolerated without anaesthesia.[2] The feet's insensivity to pain can easily be established by 512 mN quantitative pinprick stimulation.[3]
In diabetes, peripheral nerve dysfunction can be combined with peripheral artery disease (PAD) causing poor blood circulation to the extremities (diabetic angiopathy).[4] Around half of the patients with a diabetic foot ulcer have co-existing PAD.[5] Vitamin D deficiency has been recently found to be associated with diabetic foot infections and increased risk of amputations and deaths.[6]
Research estimates that the lifetime incidence of foot ulcers within the diabetic community is around 15% and may become as high as 25%.[7]
Where wounds take a long time to heal, infection may set in, spreading to bones and joints, and lower limb amputation may be necessary. Foot infection is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation in people with diabetes.[8]
^Jalilian M, Ahmadi Sarbarzeh P, Oubari S (2020). "Factors Related to Severity of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Systematic Review". Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 13: 1835–1842. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S256243. PMC 7259447. PMID 32547145.
^Arts S, Kerselaers L, De Neve J, Vanlauwe J, Cornelis S, Aerden D (2022). "Foot surgery without anesthesia in diabetic patients with sensory neuropathy: A short series". Foot & Ankle Surgery: Techniques, Reports & Cases. 2 (1). Elsevier BV: 100128. doi:10.1016/j.fastrc.2021.100128. ISSN 2667-3967. S2CID 245659745.
^Chantelau EA (May 2021). "A Novel Diagnostic Test for End-Stage Sensory Failure Associated With Diabetic Foot Ulceration: Proof-of-Principle Study". J Diabetes Sci Technol. 15 (3): 622–629. doi:10.1177/1932296819900256. PMC 8111226. PMID 31948277.
^Formosa C, Cassar K, Gatt A, Mizzi A, Mizzi S, Camileri KP, Azzopardi C, DeRaffaele C, Falzon O, Cristina S, Chockalingam N (November 2013). "Hidden dangers revealed by misdiagnosed peripheral arterial disease using ABPI measurement". Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 102 (2): 112–6. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.10.006. PMID 24209599.
^International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (2015). "Guidance on the diagnosis, prognosis and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers in diabetes". Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^Darlington, C., Kumar, S., Jagdish, S., Sridhar, M. Evaluation of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Diabetic Foot Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Center in South India. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019; 44(6): 474-482. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2018.44951
^Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA (January 2005). "Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes". JAMA. 293 (2): 217–28. doi:10.1001/jama.293.2.217. PMID 15644549.
^Selva Olid A, Solà I, Barajas-Nava LA, Gianneo OD, Bonfill Cosp X, Lipsky BA (September 2015). "Systemic antibiotics for treating diabetic foot infections". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 (9): CD009061. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009061.pub2. PMC 8504988. PMID 26337865.
A diabeticfoot disease is any condition that results directly from peripheral artery disease (PAD) or sensory neuropathy affecting the feet of people...
Diabeticfoot ulcer is a breakdown of the skin and sometimes deeper tissues of the foot that leads to sore formation. It may occur due to a variety of...
Diabeticfoot infection is any infection of the foot in a diabetic person. The most frequent cause of hospitalization for diabetic patients is due to foot...
Diabetic neuropathy is various types of nerve damage associated with diabetes mellitus. Symptoms depend on the site of nerve damage and can include motor...
off of the foot (off-loading) in patients with diabeticfoot ulcers (DFUs). Reducing pressure on the wound by taking weight off the foot has proven to...
fragments. The foot is now stable. Atrophic features: "Licked candy stick" appearance, commonly seen at the distal aspect of the metatarsals Diabetic osteolysis...
skin breakdown in diabetics with existing foot disease and relieve pressure to prevent diabeticfoot ulcers. People with diabetic neuropathy in their...
wound healing. Maggot therapy improves healing in chronic ulcers. In diabeticfoot ulcers there is tentative evidence of benefit. A Cochrane review of...
PMID 26631369. Korzon-Burakowska, A; Dziemidok, P (December 2011). "Diabeticfoot-the need for comprehensive multidisciplinary approach". Annals of Agricultural...
or tear near the anus or within the rectum Diabeticfoot ulcer, a major complication of the diabeticfoot Callous ulcer, a chronic nonhealing ulcer with...
dysfunction). Loss of pain sensation predisposes to trauma that can lead to diabeticfoot problems (such as ulceration), the most common cause of non-traumatic...
diseases that are a result of elevated blood glucose levels that occur in diabetic patients. These complications can be divided into two types: acute and...
This process can be prevented at several places. Diabeticfoot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb amputation. Calluses in the hands are frequently...
prevention of diabeticfoot ulcers. A real-time weight bearing orthotic can be created using a neutral position casting device and the Vertical Foot Alignment...
wounds. Chronic wounds such as venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, diabeticfoot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and malignant wounds can have an enormous impact...
spots is important. A diabetic sock is a non-restrictive, but close fitting sock which is designed to alleviate pressures on the foot or leg. Typically sufferers...
skin infections, external ear infections, infections of leg ulcers, diabeticfoot infections, and infection of bone. It may be used together with other...
perform neurovascular assessments, diabetic wound care. In the United States, medical and surgical care of the foot and ankle is mainly provided by two...
as primary prevention and management of diabetes, diabeticfoot and prevention of amputation, diabetic nephropathy, socio-economics of diabetes care and...
other dressings (including simple dressings) for venous ulcers, or for diabeticfoot ulcers. There is tentative but unclear evidence for hydrocolloid dressings...
growth factor, sold under the brand name Heberprot-P, is used to treat diabeticfoot ulcers. It can be given by injection into the wound site, or may be...
in diabetic patients. Assessment of sudomotor function provides a measure of sympathetic cholinergic function in the workup of CAN. See Diabeticfoot ulcer...
the lungs, the upper part of the female reproductive system, and the diabeticfoot. The most common side effects include diarrhoea, nausea (feeling sick)...
accurate than ulcer base swan culture or aspiration and culture for diabeticfoot ulcers.[citation needed] Curettage is also used when excising a chalazion...
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