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Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, judicial amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes.[1][2][3][4] Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.[5][6][7] When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator.[8][9] The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo cave, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo dating back to at least 31,000 years ago, where it was done when the amputee was a young child.[10]
^Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-11). "Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
^Chuback, Jennifer E. (March 2005). Whitelaw, W.A. (ed.). The history of rhinoplasty. 14th Annual History of Medicine Days. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. pp. 10–15 – via ResearchGate.
^Kocharkarn W (Summer 2000). "Traumatic amputation of the penis" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Urology. 26: 385–389. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 – via Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology.
^Peters R (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521792264.
^Bosmia AN, Griessenauer CJ, Tubbs RS (July 2014). "Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza". Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 6 (2): 54–6. doi:10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489. PMC 4009169. PMID 24284812.
^Kepe T (March 2010). "'Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Social Science & Medicine. 70 (5): 729–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016. PMID 20053494.
^Grisaru N, Lezer S, Belmaker RH (April 1997). "Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1023/a:1024562512475. PMID 9101034. S2CID 32053425.
^"Amputator". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^"Amputee". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^Maloney, T.R.; Dilkes-Hall, I.E.; Vlok, M (2022). "Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo". Nature. 609 (7927): 547–551. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..547M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05160-8. PMC 9477728. PMID 36071168.
Types of amputations include: partial foot amputationamputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint ankle disarticulation amputation of the lower...
Forequarter amputation is amputation of the arm, scapula and clavicle. It is usually performed as a last resort to remove a cancer, but decreasingly so...
significantly different above and below the line of desired amputation, and the line of desired amputation remains stable over time, with the desire often beginning...
ileal conduit in the upper abdominal quadrants. The second stage is the amputation at the lumbar spine. With the removal of almost half of the circulatory...
Penectomy is penis removal through surgery, generally for medical or personal reasons. Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of part or all...
woman, reported in 2002. Initially after traumatic bilateral forearm amputation [the patient] was provided with mechanical prostheses. Eventually she...
emergency salvage amputation, such as a guillotine amputation, is often needed to limit systemic effects of the infection. Such an amputation can be converted...
Punished with amputation of a hand. Highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq). Punished with death followed by crucifixion, amputation of the right hand...
Oncideres amputator is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1792, originally under the genus...
optional. The organization began as The Amputation Club of British Columbia. However, it later became The War Amputations of Canada, eventually shortening to...
external hemipelvectomy involves the resection of the innominate bone plus amputation of the ipsilateral limb. Hemipelvectomy is generally reserved for the...
documented cases of men being sentenced to hand amputation for theft. In 2013, 3 men were sentenced to be amputation for stealing cooking oil in North Darfur...
Clitoridectomy or clitorectomy is the surgical removal, reduction, or partial removal of the clitoris. It is rarely used as a therapeutic medical procedure...
spontaneous detachment (amputation) of an appendage or organ from the body. This is not to be confused with self-amputation. It is usually due to destruction...
cutting. A Gigli saw is used mainly for amputation, where the bones have to be smoothly cut at the level of amputation. It is also used in veterinary medicine...
Heroes soundtrack as "All Things Must Pass"; "Song for a Secret" and "Amputation" were released by Jim Reid, the latter as a solo single in 2007 under...
from May 1966 until March 1967 recovering and rehabilitating from the amputation. From March 1967 to March 1968, Brashear was assigned to the Harbor Clearance...
surgeries have nerve injury as an unavoidable consequence such as limb amputation, nerve resections, or radical prostatectomy. Consequently, surgical techniques...
Root resection or root amputation is a type of periradicular surgery in which an entire root of a multiroot tooth is removed. It contrasts with an apicoectomy...
period. Amputation blades from the 18th century to the 1840s are generally known for their distinctive "down" curving blades. By 1870, amputation blades...
first amputation surgery took Easterday's shin bones, which were used to replace his missing spinal column. At the time of Easterday's first amputation surgery...
injuries include fracture, avulsion injury, strangulation, entrapment, and amputation. Penetrating and blunt traumas combined make up approximately 90% of all...
Rhinotomy is mutilation, usually amputation, of the nose. It was a means of judicial punishment throughout the world, particularly for sexual transgressions...
amputation. For many years, the dominant hypothesis for the cause of phantom limbs was irritation in the peripheral nervous system at the amputation site...
'fourteeners' solo in winter, a project he started in 1997 and resumed after the amputation in Bluejohn Canyon. In 2006, Ralston was featured as a panelist in Miller...
at the amputation site. As in any other chronic pain syndrome, the brain likely becomes chronically stimulated with pain, and late amputation may not...
treatment might require wider excision (margins of 0.5 cm or more), digital amputation, lymphangiogram with lymph node dissection, or chemotherapy. The main...
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