1943 forced resettlement of the Kalmyk minority within the Soviet Union
Deportation of the Kalmyks Operation Ulusy
Part of Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Political repression in the Soviet Union and Soviet Union in World War II
Map of the deportation of people from Kalmykia to Siberia in 1943
Kalmykia
Omsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Altai Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast (destination of the deportees)
Location
Kalmykia
Date
28–31 December 1943
Target
Kalmyks
Attack type
forced population transfer, ethnic cleansing
Deaths
16,017[1]–16,594[2] people (between ~17 and ~19 percent of their total population)
Victims
93,000 Kalmyks deported to forced settlements in the Soviet Union
Perpetrators
NKVD, the Soviet secret police
Motive
Russification,[3] cheap labor for forced settlements in the Soviet Union,[4] Anti-Mongolianism
Part of a series on
Forced population transfer in the Soviet Union
Policies
Dekulakization
Evacuation
Forced settlements
Gulag
Peoples
Azerbaijanis from Armenia
Balkars
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Chechens and Ingush
Chinese
Crimean Tatars
Estonians
Germans
from Romania
Greeks
NKVD operation
Ingrian Finns
Kalmyks
Karachays
Koreans
Kurds from Transcaucasia
Latvians
NKVD operation
Lithuanians
Meskhetian Turks
Poles
1944–1946
1955–1959
Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
Operations
June deportation
German–Soviet population transfers
Operation North
Operation Osen
Operation Priboi
Operation Vesna
Operation Vistula
WWII POW labor
POW Administration
Japanese
Germans
Hungarians
Romanians
Massive labor force transfers
Twenty-five-thousanders
NKVD labor columns
Virgin Lands campaign
v
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e
The Kalmyk deportations of 1943, codename Operation Ulusy (Russian: Операция «Улусы») was the Soviet deportation of more than 93,000 people of Kalmyk nationality, and non-Kalmyk women with Kalmyk husbands, on 28–31 December 1943. Families and individuals were forcibly relocated in cattle wagons to special settlements for forced labor in Siberia. Kalmyk women married to non-Kalmyk men were exempted from the deportations. The government's official reason for the deportation was an accusation of Axis collaboration during World War II based on the approximately 5,000 Kalmyks who fought in the Nazi-affiliated Kalmykian Cavalry Corps. The government refused to acknowledge that more than 23,000 Kalmyks served in the Red Army and fought against Axis forces at the same time.
NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria and his deputy commissar Ivan Serov implemented the forced relocation on direct orders from Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. Up to 10,000 servicemen from the NKVD-NKGB troops participated in the deportation. It was part of the Soviet forced settlement program and population transfers that affected several million Soviet citizens from ethnic minority groups between the 1930s and the 1950s. The specific targeting of Kalmyks was based on a number of factors, including the group's alleged anti-communist sentiment and Buddhist culture.
The deportation contributed to more than 16,000 deaths, resulting in a 17% mortality rate for the deported population. The Kalmyks were rehabilitated in 1956 after Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet Premier and undertook a process of de-Stalinization. In 1957, the Kalmyks were released from special settlements and allowed to return to their home region, which was formalized as the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1959, more than 60% of the remaining Kalmyks had returned home. The loss of life and socioeconomic upheaval of the deportations, however, had a profound impact on the Kalmyks that is still felt today. On 14 November 1989 the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union declared all of Stalin's deportations "illegal and criminal". Contemporary historical analyses consider these deportations an example of persecution and a crime against humanity.
^Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 9; Tolz 1993, p. 168.
^Pohl 2000, p. 267; Travis 2013, p. 82.
^Bekus 2010, p. 42.
^Pohl 1999, p. 48.
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