The DNA double helix with a Cytosine base flipped out 180°
DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix.[1] This occurs when a nucleic acid-processing enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as its excision for replacement with another base during DNA repair. It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography in a methyltransferase enzyme catalyzing methylation of a cytosine base in DNA. Since then, it has been shown to be used by different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, and DNA replication. It can also occur in RNA double helices [2] or in the DNA:RNA intermediates formed during RNA transcription.
DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors. This could occur through an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then facilitates rotation of the base, or a passive process, where the
base rotates out spontaneously, and this state is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using
X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes.
^Roberts, RJ; Cheng, X (1998). "Base flipping". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67 (1): 181–198. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.181. PMID 9759487.
^Reiter, NJ; Blad, H; Abildgaard, F; Butcher, SE (2004). "Dynamics in the U6 RNA intramolecular stem-loop: a base flipping conformational change". Biochemistry. 43 (43): 13739–47. doi:10.1021/bi048815y. PMID 15504036. S2CID 25391616.
DNAbaseflipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double...
DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2. Base excision repair is the mechanism by...
(N3–C4) face of the pyrimidine base. Ten years after James Watson and Francis Crick published their model of the DNA double helix, Karst Hoogsteen reported...
Alternatively, DNA damage may be bypassed, rather than repaired, by translesion synthesis. Of the several DNA repair process in mitochondria, the base excision...
a new base-pairing form in DNA, now called Hoogsteen base pairs. These base pairings intercede in the Watson–Crick base pairing, forging a base pair 'triplex'...
glycosylase, also known as OGG1, is a DNA glycosylase enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the OGG1 gene. It is involved in base excision repair. It is found...
– the above triangle, read by rows Singh, Simon (November 14, 2013). "Flipping pancakes with mathematics". The Guardian. Retrieved March 25, 2014. Fertin...
had two rudder incidents in the previous two weeks, with the aircraft flipping 35 seconds after take-off and crashing all in seven seconds; the electrohydraulic...
Neuman, Clayton (August 17, 2009). "Winds of Dune Author Brian Herbert on Flipping the Myth of Jihad". AMC. Archived from the original on September 21, 2009...
Guardian. Retrieved January 21, 2018. TABACH-BANK, LAUREN (August 13, 2014). "Flipping the Script". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2014. Maane Khatchatourian...
CNNPolitics". CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2018. Wilson, Carl (April 19, 2018). "No flipping (out): In the dark and in danger, WFMY deals with drama during tornado"...
statement is true or false. (pp. 169–170) Hofstadter claims a similar "flipping around of causality" appears to happen in minds possessing self-consciousness...
is our seventh record, the significant numerology of which affected the DNA of its content: the seven virtues, the seven sorrows, and the seven deadly...
UBCP/ACTRA awards. which she won for the role 'Preety' in the Godiva's episode Flipping Switches. She has appeared in numerous films & television series; Imagine...
has been proposed that this discrepancy between gene trees based on nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA analyses can be explained by chloroplast capture, as similar...
data and correct them based on mathematical algorithms. Errors generally occur in low probabilities due to random bit value flipping, or "physical bit fatigue"...
renovation. Netherlands based company installed five rides in the amusement park in 2014. It includes the Boomerang Roller Coaster, the Flipping Arm, the Torching...
water. When jumping on land, the mangrove rivulus does a "tail flip", flipping its head over its body towards the tail end. The rivulus' jumping technique...
undamaged region. It then induces flipping of the alkylated and opposing base accompanied by DNA stack compression. The exposed DNA portion can then be enzymatically...
probability (as seen in the first two operations). This is exactly like flipping a fair coin in the standard probabilistic model of computation. However...
provides options for manipulating the tree, such as swapping branches, flipping lineages order, compressing/expanding subtrees, and moving the tree's root...
necessary data to analyse. DNA microarrays measure the relative activity of previously identified target genes. Sequence based techniques, like RNA-Seq...
described the find as, "The bird watching equivalent of finding Elvis flipping burgers in an outback roadhouse". South Australian Museum collection manager...
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