Substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products.
For years, glycerol has been used in cryobiology as a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing storage in liquid nitrogen at temperatures around −196 °C. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole organs from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk cryogenic storage (or "banking") of transplantable human and xenobiotic organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicine has vitrified a rabbit kidney to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.[1]
^Fahy GM; Wowk B; Pagotan R; Chang A; et al. (2009). "Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification". Organogenesis. 5 (3): 167–175. doi:10.4161/org.5.3.9974. PMC 2781097. PMID 20046680.
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects,...
dead. Cryonics procedures may begin within minutes of death, and use cryoprotectants to try to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation.[better source needed]...
followed by the rest of the body. It survives being frozen by producing a cryoprotectant in its tissues. This freezing occurs outside of body cells, but not...
such as feminizing hormone therapy and orchiectomies. The most common cryoprotectant used for semen is glycerol (10% in culture medium). Often sucrose or...
limiting the damage produced by the cryoprotectant itself due to cryoprotectant toxicity. Mixtures of cryoprotectants and the use of ice blockers have enabled...
use of sucrose, or other carbohydrates such as sorbitol, acted as a cryoprotectant by stabilizing the actomyosin in the surimi without denaturing the fish...
capacity of their livers to exude and flush the bloodstream with a glucose cryoprotectant which acts both as an anti-freeze in their blood, and allows organs...
to the depression of the freezing temperature. It is also used as a cryoprotectant where the glycerol is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals...
growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. Cryoprotectants are commonly used in cryobiology to prevent or inhibit freezing in...
proteins. The Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides can survive −60 °C: its cryoprotectants are xylomannan, a molecule consisting of a sugar bound to a fatty acid...
sorbitol, because of its high refractive index. Sorbitol is used as a cryoprotectant additive (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphates) in the manufacture...
can survive freezing at moderate subzero temperatures by producing a cryoprotectant chemical. The larvae of another species, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, may...
threitol is found in the edible fungus Armillaria mellea. It serves as a cryoprotectant (antifreeze agent) in the Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides. Antifreeze...
In cryobiology DMSO has been used as a cryoprotectant and is still an important constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixtures used to preserve...
without L-glutamine, warmed to 37 °C (99 °F). A chemical known as a cryoprotectant is added to the sperm to aid the freezing and thawing process. Further...
of substances which protect the cells during freezing and thawing (cryoprotectants), 3) preservation of organs under hypothermic conditions for transplantation...
dehydrates to HCN: HC(O)NH2 → HCN + H2O Formamide is a constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixtures used for cryopreservation of tissues and organs...
this, the egg must be dehydrated before freezing. This is done using cryoprotectants which replace most of the water within the cell and inhibit the formation...
trials Gene therapy, cancer therapy Virotherapy, Oncolytic Virus Vitrification or cryoprotectant Research, some experiments Organ transplantation, cryonics...
frozen, the semen is mixed with a solution containing glycerol or other cryoprotectants. An extender is a solution that allows the semen from a donor to impregnate...
de-icing agent. In structural biology, sodium formate can be used as a cryoprotectant for X-ray diffraction experiments on protein crystals, which are typically...
PMID 12648835. Bayles D. O.; Wilkinson B. J. (2000). "Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 30 (1):...
as a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Biostasis Cryoprotectant Cryptobiosis Freeze drying Lentztrehalose Trehalosamine Higashiyama...
to freeze solid and survive thawing. The frog makes use of various cryoprotectants i.e. antifreeze that decrease its internal freezing temperature. The...
Glycerol, Other Polyols, Trehalose, and Raffinose to Provide a Defined Cryoprotectant Medium for Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation". Cryobiology. 37 (1): 46–58...
Global Information