Cosolvents improve solubility between non-miscible phases, as demonstrated by a solute dissolved in organic solvent but insoluble in water (left). A cosolvent miscible in both phases and able to dissolve the solute is added to form a homogeneous solution of water, organic solvent, and compound (right).
In chemistry, cosolvents are substances added to a primary solvent in small amounts to increase the solubility of a poorly-soluble compound. Their use is most prevalent in chemical and biological research relating to pharmaceuticals and food science, where alcohols are frequently used as cosolvents in water (often less than 5% by volume[1]) to dissolve hydrophobic molecules during extraction, screening, and formulation. Cosolvents find applications also in environmental chemistry and are known as effective countermeasures against pollutant non-aqueous phase liquids,[2] as well as in the production of functional energy materials[3][4] and synthesis of biodiesel.[5][6]
The topic of cosolvency has attracted attention from many theorists and practicing researchers who seek to predict the solubility of compounds using cosolvent systems, and it is the subject of considerable research in scientific literature. Studies exist to propose and review methods of modeling cosolvency using calculation,[7][8][9] to describe empirical correlations of cosolvents and observed solvation phenomena,[10][11] and to report the utility of cosolvent systems in various fields.[2][3][4][12]
^ abPascual, Jorge; Kosta, Ivet; Palacios-Lidon, Elisa; Chuvilin, Andrey; Grancini, Giulia; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Grande, Hans J.; Delgado, Juan Luis; Tena-Zaera, Ramón (2018-02-08). "Co-Solvent Effect in the Processing of the Perovskite:Fullerene Blend Films for Electron Transport Layer-Free Solar Cells". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 122 (5): 2512–2520. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b11141. ISSN 1932-7447.
^Chueluecha, Nut; Kaewchada, Amaraporn; Jaree, Attasak (2017). "Enhancement of biodiesel synthesis using co-solvent in a packed-microchannel". Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 51: 162–171. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.028.
^Littell, M.J. Effect of a co-solvent feedstock on the synthesis of biodiesel via heterogeneous catalysis. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee. 2015.
^Jouyban, Abolghasem (2008-02-20). "Review of the cosolvency models for predicting solubility of drugs in water-cosolvent mixtures". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 11 (1): 32–58. doi:10.18433/j3pp4k. ISSN 1482-1826. PMID 18445363.
^Smith, Paul E.; Mazo, Robert M. (2008-07-01). "On the Theory of Solute Solubility in Mixed Solvents". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 112 (26): 7875–7884. doi:10.1021/jp712179w. ISSN 1520-6106. PMC 2525813. PMID 18529024.
^Canchi, Deepak R.; García, Angel E. (2013-04-01). "Cosolvent Effects on Protein Stability". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 64 (1): 273–293. Bibcode:2013ARPC...64..273C. doi:10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110156. ISSN 0066-426X. PMID 23298246.
^Huo, Feng; Liu, Zhiping; Wang, Wenchuan (2013-10-03). "Cosolvent or Antisolvent? A Molecular View of the Interface between Ionic Liquids and Cellulose upon Addition of Another Molecular Solvent". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 117 (39): 11780–11792. doi:10.1021/jp407480b. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 24010550.
^van der Vegt, Nico F. A.; Nayar, Divya (2017-11-02). "The Hydrophobic Effect and the Role of Cosolvents". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 121 (43): 9986–9998. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06453. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 28921974.
In chemistry, cosolvents are substances added to a primary solvent in small amounts to increase the solubility of a poorly-soluble compound. Their use...
processes that use zeotropic mixtures include cosolvent processes and bisolvent processes. In a cosolvent system, two miscible fluids with different boiling...
synthesis. Dimethyl sulfoxide can often be used in place of HMPA as a cosolvent. Both are strong hydrogen bond acceptors, and their oxygen atoms bind...
release agents were primary drivers in the development of cosolvent mold release. Cosolvent based release agents combine the benefits of a solvent based...
(2010). "Analysis of the Influence of Alkyl Polyglycoside Surfactant and Cosolvent Structure on Interfacial Tension in Aqueous Formulations versus n-Octane"...
compatible with conventional compression-ignition engines and fuel systems. Cosolvent blending is a low-cost and easy-to-adapt technology that reduces viscosity...
describes the binding of the cosolvent over the solvent. This is in a system that is open to both the solvent and cosolvent. Consequently, preferential...
Seebach, D. (1982). "Substitution of HMPT by the cyclic urea DMPU as a cosolvent for highly reactive nucleophiles and bases". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 65...
polymer resin dispersed in water, rather than a solvent, although some cosolvent maybe used. Its manufacture involves the synthesis of polyurethanes having...
non-polar to effectively elute many analytes, cosolvents are added to modify the mobile phase polarity. Cosolvents are typically simple alcohols like methanol...
sometimes used to buffer the reaction. Dichloromethane is often used as a 1:1 cosolvent to facilitate timely cleavage of the ozonide. Azelaic acid and pelargonic...
polymers that featured the cononsolvency effect in water and various organic cosolvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone. Typically poly(acrylamide)s such...
allows fuel producers to blend up to 3% methanol, with an equal amount of cosolvent, with gasoline sold in Europe. China uses more than 4.5 billion liters...
(65–70 °C) in a mixture of water, diethyl ether, and a high boiling polar cosolvent (e.g., diethylene glycol monomethyl ether), the N-nitrososulfonamide undergoes...
Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry agreed to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time. The kinds of living...
bulletin on the acetylation of wood using no catalysis, but with an organic cosolvent In 1977, in Russia, Otlesnov and Nikitina came close to commercialization...
Edition, 9789 Nomura, T. (October 1975). "Urethan (Ethyl Carbamate) as a Cosolvent of Drugs Commonly Used Parenterally in Humans" (PDF). Nomura Cancer Research...
Rosés, M. (2007). "Physicochemical Properties of a New Multicomponent Cosolvent System for the pKa Determination of Poorly Soluble Pharmaceutical Compounds"...
those ends, the mineral acids are appropriate acids. Acetone is a common cosolvent, used to promote dissolution. For a non-acidic cleavage technique, a palladium(II)...
bonds. Alkaline activators are usually based on sodium hydroxide. Some cosolvents double as activators. Amine activators, alkalines weaker than inorganic...
Conditions with a liquid reagent or gas performed with no added solvent or cosolvent. neutron A type of subatomic particle that is electrically neutral, having...
levels of methanol can be used in existing vehicles with the addition of cosolvents and corrosion inhibitors. Pure methanol is required by rule to be used...
1006/jmbi.2001.4819. PMID 11502004. author, Su, Zhaoqian (2017). Roles of cosolvents on protein stability. OCLC 1245504372. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic...
arabinoside by gel-entrapped cells of Enterobacter aerogenes in water-organic cosolvent system". European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 14...
for instance heptane, the polymer disassembles. However, in some cases, cosolvents contribute the stabilization/destabilization of supramolecular polymer...
Global Information