Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia,[1] or cardiac ischemia,[2] is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries.[3] Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease, and heart attacks.[4] Coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.[5] Reduced blood flow to the heart associated with coronary ischemia can result in inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle.[6] When oxygen supply to the heart is unable to keep up with oxygen demand from the muscle, the result is the characteristic symptoms of coronary ischemia, the most common of which is chest pain.[6] Chest pain due to coronary ischemia commonly radiates to the arm or neck.[7] Certain individuals such as women, diabetics, and the elderly may present with more varied symptoms.[8] If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.[9]
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of coronary ischemia.[7] Coronary ischemia and coronary artery disease are contributors to the development of heart failure over time.[10] Diagnosis of coronary ischemia is achieved by an attaining a medical history and physical examination in addition to other tests such as electrocardiography (ECG), stress testing, and coronary angiography.[11] Treatment is aimed toward preventing future adverse events and relieving symptoms.[12] Beneficial lifestyle modifications include smoking cessation, a heart healthy diet, and regular exercise.[13] Medications such as nitrates and beta-blockers may be useful for reducing the symptoms of coronary ischemia.[6] In refractory cases, invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) may be performed to relieve coronary ischemia.[14]
Recently, evidence has been found that ischemia can also occur without coronary obstruction (a conditional known as INOCA - ischemia with no obstructed arteries).[1] Other studies have found that Long COVID or post acute COVID syndrome can also be associated with myocardial ischemia.[15] Treatment for both conditions is similar to treatment for ischemia caused by CAD.[1][15]
^ abc"Myocardial ischemia". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
^"Sacred Heart Medical Center. Spokane, Washington. Coronary Ischemia". Shmc.org. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
^Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 23 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
^ abcCite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lala A, Desai AS (April 2014). "The role of coronary artery disease in heart failure". Heart Failure Clinics. 10 (2): 353–365. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2013.10.002. PMID 24656111.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abMohammad, Khan O.; Lin, Andrew; Rodriguez, Jose B. Cruz (December 2022). "Cardiac Manifestations of Post-Acute COVID-19 Infection". Current Cardiology Reports. 24 (12): 1775–1783. doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01793-3. ISSN 1523-3782. PMC 9628458.
Coronaryischemia, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac ischemia, is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the...
oxygen starvation. Such interruptions are usually caused by coronaryischemia linked to coronary artery disease, and sometimes to embolism from other causes...
asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, sometimes referred to as silent ischemia, to myocardial infarction and even sudden cardiac death. Coronary vasospasm classically...
Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage"), is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery...
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for...
The coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart requires...
percutaneously. A coronary angioplasty is a therapeutic procedure to treat the stenotic (narrowed) coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary heart disease...
causes of acute coronary syndrome include spontaneous coronary artery dissection, ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA)...
the myocardium risks ischemia (restricted blood flow) with subsequent myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock. The coronary arteries originate off...
as well as their predilection towards ischemia and acute coronary syndromes in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris can be...
muscle (myocardium) caused by ischemia, the lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue. It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden...
symptoms generally begin around middle age. In severe cases, it can result in coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney disorders...
the specific mechanism in each case. Structural heart disease, such as coronary artery disease, is a common underlying condition in people who experience...
myocardial ischemia that does not improve with medical treatment. Coronary angioplasty, also known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty...
exertion, or other underlying conditions such as chronic lung disease or coronaryischemia. An exercise stress test will evaluate the individual's heart rate...
the coronary circulation causes blood to be shunted away from the coronary vessels supplying the ischemic zones, creating more ischemia. Mild coronary steal...
Coronary thrombosis is defined as the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart. This blood clot may then restrict blood flow within...
though they may be compensating for ischemia elsewhere, increase myocardial oxygen demand and reduce coronary blood flow, thus precipitating an ischemic...
(2014). "Three-Dimensional Myocardial Scarring along Myofibers after CoronaryIschemia-Reperfusion Revealed by Computerized Images of Histological Assays"...
A coronary stent is a tube-shaped device placed in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, to keep the arteries open in patients suffering...
restoration of normal coronary blood flow. In this situation, even after ischemia has been relieved (by for instance angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery)...
concavity. Flat, downsloping, or depressed ST segments may indicate coronaryischemia. ST elevation may indicate transmural myocardial infarction. An elevation...
supplying blood to heart muscle. Coronaryischemia results in myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. The coronary arteries were one of the earliest...
screening for silent ischemia and from more aggressive clinical treatment. However, coronary CT angiography (CTA) is superior to coronary CT calcium scanning...
a symptom of ischaemic heart disease. Myocardial ischemia arises from the dysfunction of coronary macrovascular or microvascular components, leading...
the ventricle and compromises coronary blood flow, eventually resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy, coronaryischemia, and heart failure. Contemporary...
symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome and no change in troponin levels, with or without changes indicative of ischemia (e.g., ST segment depression...
Global Information