The angle between a liquid–vapor interface and a solid surface
Schematic of a liquid drop showing the quantities in the Young equation.
The contact angle (symbol θC) is the angle between a liquid surface and a solid surface where they meet. More specifically, it is the angle between the surface tangent on the liquid–vapor interface and the tangent on the solid–liquid interface at their intersection.
It quantifies the wettability of a solid surface by a liquid via the Young equation.
A given system of solid, liquid, and vapor at a given temperature and pressure has a unique equilibrium contact angle. However, in practice a dynamic phenomenon of contact angle hysteresis is often observed, ranging from the advancing (maximal) contact angle to the receding (minimal) contact angle.[1] The equilibrium contact is within those values, and can be calculated from them. The equilibrium contact angle reflects the relative strength of the liquid, solid, and vapour molecular interaction.
The contact angle depends upon the medium above the free surface of the liquid, and the nature of the liquid and solid in contact. It is independent of the inclination of solid to the liquid surface. It changes with surface tension and hence with the temperature and purity of the liquid.
^Shi, Z.; et al. (2018). "Dynamic contact angle hysteresis in liquid bridges". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 555: 365–371. arXiv:1712.04703. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.004. S2CID 51916594.
The contactangle (symbol θC) is the angle between a liquid surface and a solid surface where they meet. More specifically, it is the angle between the...
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contactangle at the bottom θ t {\displaystyle {\theta _{t}}} is the contactangle at the top θ l {\displaystyle {\theta _{l}}} is the contactangle at...
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