Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior
Contact angle measurements can be used to determine the surface energy of a material.
In surface science, surface energy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In solid-state physics, surfaces must be intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of the material (that is, the atoms on the surface must have more energy than the atoms in the bulk), otherwise there would be a driving force for surfaces to be created, removing the bulk of the material by sublimation. The surface energy may therefore be defined as the excess energy at the surface of a material compared to the bulk, or it is the work required to build an area of a particular surface. Another way to view the surface energy is to relate it to the work required to cut a bulk sample, creating two surfaces. There is "excess energy" as a result of the now-incomplete, unrealized bonding between the two created surfaces.
Cutting a solid body into pieces disrupts its bonds and increases the surface area, and therefore increases surface energy. If the cutting is done reversibly, then conservation of energy means that the energy consumed by the cutting process will be equal to the energy inherent in the two new surfaces created. The unit surface energy of a material would therefore be half of its energy of cohesion, all other things being equal; in practice, this is true only for a surface freshly prepared in vacuum. Surfaces often change their form away from the simple "cleaved bond" model just implied above. They are found to be highly dynamic regions, which readily rearrange or react, so that energy is often reduced by such processes as passivation or adsorption.
In surface science, surfaceenergy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs...
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. Surface tension is what allows objects with...
A potential energysurface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters...
Process of attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance. Note 1: Adhesion requires energy that can come from chemical and/or physical...
Surfaceenergy transfer (SET) is a dipole-surfaceenergy transfer process involving a metallic surface and a molecular dipole. The SET rate follows the...
needed to create a new surface, is sometimes confused with "surface stress". Although surface stress and surface free energy of liquid–gas or liquid–liquid...
front of it. Since all surfaces involve the thermodynamic surfaceenergy, work must be spent in creating the new surface, and energy is released as heat...
because their surface temperatures are different. The Sun has a surface temperature of 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), so it emits most of its energy as shortwave...
electron momentum values) that have the same energy. Fermi surface is a special constant-energysurface that separates the unfilled orbitals from the...
the surfaceenergy of the substrate is greater than the surfaceenergy of the adhesive. However, high strength adhesives have high surfaceenergy. Thus...
swamps. The surface water held by dams can be used for renewable energy in the form of hydropower. Hydropower is the forcing of surface water sourced...
exploits wave power is a wave energy converter (WEC). Waves are generated primarily by wind passing over the sea's surface and also by tidal forces, temperature...
growth of a crack, the extension of the surfaces on either side of the crack, requires an increase in the surfaceenergy. Griffith found an expression for the...
proliferation) to the material. Titanium's microstructure and high surfaceenergy enable it to induce angiogenesis, which assists in the process of osseointegration...
and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not...
surface area is called surfaceenergy, whereas for liquids the same quantity is called surface tension. In response to surface tension, the ability of...
used for the characterization of solid surfaceenergies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surfaceenergies. The main premise of the method is that...
the surfaceenergy of the substrate is greater than the surfaceenergy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives have high surfaceenergy. Thus...
grease resistance, water resistance, no loose fibers as well as low surfaceenergy, thereby imparting good non-stick and release properties. The treated...
setae, as well as on the surface, increase the surfaceenergy of both, therefore the energy gain in getting these surfaces in contact is enlarged, which...
minimization of the volume free energy, and the thermodynamic regime, where growth is controlled by minimization of the surface free energy. High concentration,...
characteristics of the surface, such as: roughness, hydrophilicity, surface charge, surfaceenergy, biocompatibility and reactivity. Surface engineering is the...
of a solid surface; analogous to surface tension of a liquid. Also, the surfaceenergy can be defined as the excess energy at the surface of a material...
a substance Surfaceenergy – Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior Surface stress – Change of surfaceenergy with strain...
types of solid surfaces. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high-energy and low-energy solids. The relative energy of a solid has to...
expression for gravitational energy can be considerably simplified. The change in potential energy moving from the surface (a distance R {\displaystyle...
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