Condition in which increased pressure results in insufficient blood supply
Medical condition
Compartment syndrome
A forearm following emergency surgery for acute compartment syndrome
Specialty
Orthopedics
Symptoms
Pain, numbness, pallor, decreased ability to move the affected limb[1]
Complications
Acute: Volkmann's contracture[2]
Types
Acute, chronic[1]
Causes
Acute: Trauma (fracture, crush injury), following a period of poor blood flow[3][4]
Chronic: Repetitive exercise[1]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms, compartment pressure[5][1]
Differential diagnosis
Cellulitis, tendonitis, deep vein thrombosis, venous insufficiency[3]
Treatment
Acute: Timely surgery[5]
Chronic: Physical therapy, surgery[1]
Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased pressure within one of the body's anatomical compartments results in insufficient blood supply to tissue within that space.[6][7][8] There are two main types: acute and chronic.[6] Compartments of the leg or arm are most commonly involved.[3]
Symptoms of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) can include severe pain, poor pulses, decreased ability to move, numbness, or a pale color of the affected limb.[5] It is most commonly due to physical trauma such as a bone fracture (up to 75% of cases) or crush injury, but it can also be caused by acute exertion during sport.[3][9] It can also occur after blood flow returns following a period of poor blood flow.[4] Diagnosis is generally based upon a person's symptoms[5] and may be supported by measurement of intracompartmental pressure before, during, and after activity. Normal compartment pressure should be within 12-18 mmHg; anything greater than that is considered abnormal and would need treatment.[10] Treatment is by surgery to open the compartment, completed in a timely manner.[5] If not treated within six hours, permanent muscle or nerve damage can result.[5][11]
In chronic compartment syndrome (aka chronic exertional compartment syndrome), there is generally pain with exercise but the pain dissipates once activity ceases.[1] Other symptoms may include numbness.[1] Symptoms typically resolve with rest.[1] Common activities that trigger chronic compartment syndrome include running and biking.[1] Generally, this condition does not result in permanent damage.[1] Other conditions that may present similarly include stress fractures and tendinitis.[1] Treatment may include physical therapy or—if that is not effective—surgery.[1]
Acute compartment syndrome occurs in about 3% of those who have a midshaft fracture of the forearm.[12] Rates in other areas of the body and for chronic cases are unknown.[12][13] The condition occurs more often in males and people under the age of 35, in line with the occurrence of trauma.[3][14] Compartment syndrome was first described in 1881 by German surgeon Richard von Volkmann.[5] Untreated, acute compartment syndrome can result in Volkmann's contracture.[2]
^ abcdefghijkl"Compartment Syndrome-OrthoInfo – AAOS". www.orthoinfo.org. October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ abEl-Darouti MA (2013). Challenging Cases in Dermatology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4471-4249-2. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^ abcdeFerri FF (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-323-52957-0. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^ abSchmidt AH (July 2016). "Acute Compartment Syndrome". The Orthopedic Clinics of Northern America. 47 (3): 517–25. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2016.02.001. PMID 27241376.
^ abcdefgDonaldson J, Haddad B, Khan WS (2014). "The pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management of acute compartment syndrome". The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 8: 185–93. doi:10.2174/1874325001408010185. PMC 4110398. PMID 25067973.
^ ab"Compartment Syndrome – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
^Peitzman AB, Rhodes M, Schwab CW (2008). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7817-6275-5. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^Guo J, Yin Y, Jin L, Zhang R, Hou Z, Zhang Y (2019-07-01). "Acute compartment syndrome: Cause, diagnosis, and new viewpoint". Medicine. 98 (27): e16260. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016260. PMC 6635163. PMID 31277147.
^Cite error: The named reference Stat2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^McQueen MM, Duckworth AD (October 2014). "The diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome: a review". European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 40 (5): 521–8. doi:10.1007/s00068-014-0414-7. PMID 26814506. S2CID 38330727.
^Cite error: The named reference Jen2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abBucholz RW (2012). Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults: Two Volumes Plus Integrated Content Website (Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 691. ISBN 978-1-4511-6144-1. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^Miller MD, Wiesel SW (2012). Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-4511-2490-3. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
^Garner MR, Taylor SA, Gausden E, Lyden JP (July 2014). "Compartment syndrome: diagnosis, management, and unique concerns in the twenty-first century". HSS Journal. 10 (2): 143–52. doi:10.1007/s11420-014-9386-8. PMC 4071472. PMID 25050098.
and 27 Related for: Compartment syndrome information
Compartmentsyndrome is a condition in which increased pressure within one of the body's anatomical compartments results in insufficient blood supply to...
Abdominal compartmentsyndrome (ACS) occurs when the abdomen becomes subject to increased pressure reaching past the point of intra-abdominal hypertension...
occasionally leads to compartmentsyndrome—compression of surrounding tissues, such as nerves and blood vessels, in the same fascial compartment—leading to the...
Veins Work". MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Compartmentsyndrome Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fascial compartments of the leg. Diagram at patientcareonline...
A compartmentsyndrome is an increased pressure within a muscular compartment that compromises the circulation to the muscles. Diffuse tightness and tenderness...
creatine, and creatine kinase.[citation needed] Crush syndrome can directly come from compartmentsyndrome, if the injury is left untreated. Symptoms include...
a condition called fourth compartmentsyndrome. Supernumerary tendons are common in the fourth extensor tendon compartment. Supernumerary tendons can...
procedure when used to treat acute compartmentsyndrome. It is also sometimes used to treat chronic compartment stress syndrome. The procedure has a very high...
sixth (extensor carpi ulnaris) and second (intersection syndrome) compartments. The first compartment is the site where entrapment tendinitis, better known...
is distinguished from pharmacokinetic compartment, which is a defined volume of body fluids. Compartmentsyndrome is an acute medical problem following...
potential causes include stress fractures, compartmentsyndrome, nerve entrapment, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. If the cause is unclear, medical imaging...
artery. As with any other fascial compartment, the posterior compartment of thigh can develop compartmentsyndrome when pressure builds up inside it,...
the effectiveness of IP extension. Compartmentsyndrome rarely occurs in the first dorsal interosseous compartment of hand. This condition is caused by...
extremities is sufficiently massive to cause circulatory shock and compartmentsyndromes, with a dangerous hypotension (low blood pressure), hemoconcentration...
Complication may include injury to the artery or nerve, arthritis, and compartmentsyndrome. The cause is typically trauma such as a fall or motor vehicle collision...
to compartmentsyndrome. This pathology relates to tissue inflammation affecting blood flow and compressing nerves. If left untreated compartment syndrome...
release pressure, facilitate circulation and combat burn-induced compartmentsyndrome. An escharotomy is performed by making an incision through the eschar...
triceps. Anterior compartment of the forearm Posterior compartment of the forearm Compartmentsyndrome Fascia Fascial compartments of leg lesson4nervesofant&postarm...
groups of muscles contained in the compartments have their own nerve supply: Compartmentsyndrome Fascial compartments of arm MedicalMnemonics.com: 2382...
fascial compartments of the thigh. A fasciotomy may be used to relieve compartmentsyndrome as a result of high pressure within a fascial compartment. Fascia...
The most common cause of elevated intraocular pressure is orbital compartmentsyndrome (OCS) caused by trauma, retrobulbar hemorrhage, infections, tumors...
occur following treatment. Complications may include hypothermia or compartmentsyndrome. People who are exposed to low temperatures for prolonged periods...
reperfusion injury and hypoperfusion related to shock. Compartmentsyndrome. Compartmentsyndrome is a common complication of crush injury as a consequence...
and flexors of the hip joints. The anterior compartment may be affected as part of a compartmentsyndrome. Sauerland, Eberhardt K.; Tank, Patrick W. (2005)...
crushed against the underlying tissue and bone. This is known as compartmentsyndrome which leads to greater death of the surrounding muscle tissue around...
Global Information