Massacre of the White French people in Haiti by Black Haitians following the Haitian Revolution
1804 Haiti massacre
Part of the aftermath of the Haitian Revolution
Engraving depicting a killing during the massacre
Location
First Empire of Haiti
Date
February 1804 (1804-02) – 22 April 1804; 219 years ago (1804-04-22)
Target
European people (predominantly French people), mulattoes
Attack type
Massacre, genocide[1]
Deaths
3,000–5,000
Injured
Unknown
Perpetrators
Army of Jean-Jacques Dessalines
The 1804 Haiti massacre, sometimes referred to as the Haitian genocide,[1][2][3] was carried out by Afro-Haitian soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from Jean-Jacques Dessalines against much of the remaining European population in Haiti, which mainly included French people.[4][5] The Haitian Revolution defeated the French army in November 1803 and the Haitian Declaration of Independence happened on 1 January 1804.[6] From February 1804[7] until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families.[8] Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.[7]
The massacre excluded surviving Polish Legionnaires, who had defected from the French legion to become allied with the enslaved Africans, as well as the Germans who did not take part of the slave trade. They were instead granted full citizenship under the constitution and classified them as Noir, the new ruling ethnicity.[9][page needed]
Nicholas Robins, Adam Jones, and Dirk Moses theorize that the executions were a "subaltern genocide", in which an oppressed group uses genocidal means to destroy its oppressors.[10][11] Philippe Girard has suggested the threat of reinvasion and reinstatement of slavery as some of the reasons for the massacre.[12]
Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States. Additionally, many Saint Dominican refugees moved from Saint-Domingue to the U.S., settling in New Orleans, Charleston, New York, Baltimore, and other coastal cities. These events spurred fears of potential uprisings in the Southern U.S. and they also polarized public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery.[13][14]
^ abGirard (2005a), pp. 158–159.
^Moses & Stone (2013), p. 63.
^Forde (2020), p. 40.
^Rogers (2010), p. 353.
^Orizio (2001), pp. 149, 157–159.
^Sutherland, Claudia (16 July 2007). "Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)". Blackpast.org. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
^ abGirard (2011), pp. 319–322.
^Danner (2009), p. 107.
^Girard (2011).
^Cite error: The named reference Robins & Jones was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Klävers (2019), p. 110.
^Girard (2005a).
^Julius, Kevin C. (2004). The abolitionist decade, 1829–1838 : a year-by-year history of early events in the antislavery movement. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1946-6.[page needed]
^Marcotte, Frank B. (2005). Six days in April : Lincoln and the Union in peril. New York: Algora Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 0-8758-6313-2.
and 24 Related for: 1804 Haitian massacre information
The 1804Haitimassacre, sometimes referred to as the Haitian genocide, was carried out by Afro-Haitian soldiers, mostly former slaves, under orders from...
Parsley massacre (Spanish: el corte "the cutting"; Creole: kout kouto-a "the stabbing") (French: Massacre du Persil; Spanish: Masacre del Perejil; Haitian Creole:...
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Haiti, following the end of the Haitian Revolution in Saint-Domingue which declared its independence...
The Haitian Revolution (French: révolution haïtienne or French: La guerre de l'indépendance French pronunciation: [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ a.i.sjɛn]; Haitian Creole:...
The First Empire of Haiti, officially known as the Empire of Haiti (French: Empire d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Anpi an Ayiti), was an elective monarchy in...
The Haitian Declaration of Independence (French: Acte de l'Indépendance de la République d'Haïti) was proclaimed on 1 January 1804 in the port city of...
after the Haitian Army folded in 1995, the Haitian National Police (HNP) gained sole power of authority on the Haitian citizens. Many Haitians as well as...
turn on the French army and join the Haitian former slaves, and participated in the Haitian revolution of 1804, supporting the principles of liberty...
revolt at the colony beginning in 1791 that led to the successful Haitian Revolution in 1804 frightened those living in the Southern United States who supported...
the Haitian Revolution was justified by its perpetrators based on the following rationales: The ideals of the French Revolution justified the massacre. Atrocities...
February 22–April 22 – 1804Haitimassacre, an ethnic cleansing with the goal of eradicating the white population on Haiti. March 4–5 – The Castle Hill...
million francs to be paid by Haiti in claims over property – including Haitian slaves – that was lost through the Haitian Revolution in return for diplomatic...
in the modern era, following the 1804Haitianmassacre. The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom (then including...
James (2020). The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804—1824. Springer. p. 40...
fled Saint-Domingue during the Haitian Revolution and the surviving remainder were either killed in the 1804Haitimassacre or were thought to be of some...
revenge for the French enslavement and torment of Africans. The 1804Haitianmassacre would exclusively target French males, soldiers were generally unwilling...
During the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), Haitian women of all social positions participated in the revolt that successfully ousted French colonial power...
The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and the subsequent emancipation of Haiti as an independent state provoked mixed reactions in the United States. Among...
This is a timeline of Haitian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Haiti and its predecessor states. To...
with Haitians whose main or only language is Haitian Creole. As a result, a mobile translation program to translate between English and Haitian Creole...
confused the 1804Haitimassacre, in which almost the entire white population of Haiti was killed, or with the destruction and subsequent massacre of the entire...
Haitian Creole: Masak nan Moca) was a massacre that took place in Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) in April 1805 when the invading Haitian army...
later joined the Haitian slaves during the Haitian Revolution. Some 400 to 500 of these Poles are believed to have settled in Haiti after the war. They...
population. In particular, many Southerners feared a repeat of the 1804Haitianmassacre (referred to at the time as "the horrors of Santo Domingo"), in...
Global Information