Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
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The Cognitive Bias Codex
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.[1] Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality.[2][3][4]
While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context.[5] Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics.[6] Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations,[1] resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (bounded rationality), the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see embodied cognition), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing.[7][8] Research suggests that cognitive biases can make individuals more inclined to endorsing pseudoscientific beliefs by requiring less evidence for claims that confirm their preconceptions. This can potentially distort their perceptions and lead to inaccurate judgments.[9]
A continually evolving list of cognitive biases has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making in cognitive science, social psychology, and behavioral economics. The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management.[10][11]
^ abHaselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss DM (ed.). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.
^Kahneman D, Tversky A (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 3 (3): 430–454. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
^Baron J (2007). Thinking and Deciding (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
^Ariely D (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-135323-9.
^For instance: Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG (October 1996). "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality" (PDF). Psychological Review. 103 (4): 650–69. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.4404. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2. PMID 8888650.
^Tversky A, Kahneman D (September 1974). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–31. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
^Bless H, Fiedler K, Strack F (2004). Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
^Morewedge CK, Kahneman D (October 2010). "Associative processes in intuitive judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (10): 435–40. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004. PMC 5378157. PMID 20696611.
^Kahneman D, Tversky A (July 1996). "On the reality of cognitive illusions" (PDF). Psychological Review. 103 (3): 582–91, discussion 592–6. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.5117. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582. PMID 8759048.
^Zhang SX, Cueto J (2015). "The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 41 (3): 419–454. doi:10.1111/etap.12212. S2CID 146617323.
A cognitivebias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their...
Cognitivebiases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral...
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information...
Cognitivebias mitigation is the prevention and reduction of the negative effects of cognitivebiases – unconscious, automatic influences on human judgment...
effect on current returns. Confirmation bias – Bias confirming existing attitudes Curse of knowledge – Cognitivebias of failing to disregard information...
Psychology portal List of cognitivebiases Poisoning the well Primacy effect Negotiation strategies Law of the instrument Confirmation bias Bandwagon effect Framing...
Recency bias is a cognitivebias that favors recent events over historic ones; a memory bias. Recency bias gives "greater importance to the most recent...
In psychology, an attribution bias or attributional errors is a cognitivebias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to...
attribution error, also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect, is a cognitive attribution bias where observers underemphasize situational and...
them. This concept is considered one of the social cognitivebiases or collective cognitivebiases. Humans generally have a deep-seated duty to authority...
The negativity bias, also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitivebias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things...
Optimism bias (or the optimistic bias) is a cognitivebias that causes someone to believe that they themselves are less likely to experience a negative...
Cognitivebias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information...
propensity or prejudice". A cognitivebias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is, a pattern...
Cognitivebias modification (CBM) refers to procedures used in psychology that aim to directly change biases in cognitive processes, such as biased attention...
to be "sadder but wiser". Cognitivebias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment Cognitive dissonance – Stress from contradictory...
psychology, the false consensus effect, also known as consensus bias, is a pervasive cognitivebias that causes people to "see their own behavioral choices and...
The bias blind spot is the cognitivebias of recognizing the impact of biases on the judgment of others, while failing to see the impact of biases on one's...
intervention in the current course of affairs. The bias intersects with other non-rational cognitive processes such as loss aversion, in which losses comparative...
frequency illusion (also known as the Baader–Meinhof phenomenon) is a cognitivebias in which a person notices a specific concept, word, or product more...
Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did...
expert in other disciplines, perhaps) attempt to do history." Cognitivebias Confirmation bias Cultural pluralism Determinism Embodied philosophy Environmental...
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