An adult Clonorchis sinensis has these main body parts: oral sucker, pharynx, caecum, ventral sucker, vitellaria, uterus, ovary, Mehlis' gland, testes, excretory bladder. (H&E stain)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Trematoda
Order:
Plagiorchiida
Family:
Opisthorchiidae
Genus:
Clonorchis
Species:
C. sinensis
Binomial name
Clonorchis sinensis
Looss, 1907
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. It was discovered by British physician James McConnell at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1874. The first description was given by Thomas Spencer Cobbold, who named it Distoma sinense. The fluke passes its lifecycle in three different hosts, namely freshwater snail as first intermediate hosts, freshwater fish as second intermediate host, and mammals as definitive hosts.[1]
Endemic to Asia and Russia, C. sinensis is the most prevalent human fluke in Asia and third-most in the world. It is still actively transmitted in Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Most infections (about 85%) occur in China.[2] The infection, called clonorchiasis, generally appears as jaundice, indigestion, biliary inflammation, bile duct obstruction, and even liver cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic carcinoma.[3]
As a major causative agent of bile duct cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified C. sinensis as a group 1 biological carcinogen in 2009.[4][5][6]
^Yoshitaka, Komiya (1967). "Clonorchis and clonorchiasis". In Dawes, Ben (ed.). Advances in Parasitology Volume 4. Burlington: Elsevier. pp. 53–101. ISBN 978-0-08-058050-0. Archived from the original on 2023-09-04. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^Wu W, Qian X, Huang Y, Hong Q (2012). "A review of the control of Clonorchiasis sinensis and Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in China". Parasitology Research. 111 (5): 1879–1884. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3152-y. PMID 23052782. S2CID 14136962.
^Hong, Sung-Tae; Fang, Yueyi (2012). "Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update". Parasitology International. 61 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.007. PMID 21741496.
^Hong ST, Fang Y (2012). "Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update". Parasitology International. 61 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.007. PMID 21741496.
^Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Smout MJ, Mairiang E, Bethony JM, Loukas A (2012). "The tumorigenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini--multiple pathways to cancer". Trends in Parasitology. 28 (10): 395–407. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.006. PMC 3682777. PMID 22947297.
^American Cancer Society (2013). "Known and Probable Human Carcinogens". cancer.org. American Cancer Society, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
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(cholangiocarcinoma) in humans which has a very poor prognosis. Clonorchissinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini are both categorized by the International...
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flucytosine. No Batrachochytrium dendrabatidis Chytridiomycosis No Clonorchissinensis Clonorchiasis No Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile colitis...
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