Climate change has received significant scientific, public and political attention in Sweden. In 1896, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first scientist to quantify global heating.[1] Sweden has a high energy consumtion per capita, but reducing the dependency on fossil energy has been on the agenda of cabinets of the Governments of Sweden since the 1970s oil crises.[2] In 2014 and 2016, Sweden was ranked #1 in the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), because the Swedish economy produces relatively low emissions.[3] Sweden has had one of the highest usages of biofuel in Europe and aims at prohibiting new sales of fossil-cars, including hybrid cars, by 2035, and for an energy supply system with zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions by 2045.[4]
Since the end of the 19th century, the average annual temperature has risen by almost two degrees Celsius, which can be compared to global warming of just over one degree.[5] Sweden's winter temperature is predicted to further increase by as much as 7°C (13°F) by 2100 in a worst case scenario. This will increase the percentage of precipitation that comes from rain instead of snow.[6] The Baltic Sea could see a surface water temperature increase of up to 4°C (7°F). This will decrease sea ice cover by the end of the century.[6]
The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) produces guidelines and resources to help citizens adapt to climate change.[7] The MSB keeps flood and landslide maps online, and guidelines for decision-making in case of disasters.[8]
Governmental efforts include policy instruments and legislation to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Policy instruments include taxing carbon dioxide emissions, issuing renewable energy certificates, subsidizing renewable energy initiatives, and making investments in R&D.
^Weart, Spencer (2008). "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect". The Discovery of Global Warming. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^"Energifrågan - Uppslagsverk - NE.se". www.ne.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference swedishepa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Climate indicator - Temperature". www.smhi.se. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ abCite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Plan your home preparedness". www.msb.se. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^"The flood portal". gisapp.msb.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 27 February 2023.
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