In genetics, chromosomal polymorphism is a condition where one species contains members with varying chromosome counts or shapes. Polymorphism is a general concept in biology where more than one version of a trait is present in a population.
In some cases of differing counts, the difference in chromosome counts is the result of a single chromosome undergoing fission, where it splits into two smaller chromosomes, or two undergoing fusion, where two chromosomes join to form one.
This condition has been detected in many species. Trichomycterus davisi, for example, is an extreme case where the polymorphism was present within a single chimeric individual.[1]
It has also been studied in alfalfa,[2] shrews,[3] Brazilian rodents,[4] and an enormous variety of other animals and plants.[5] In one instance it has been found in a human.[6]
Another process resulting in differing chromosomal counts is polyploidy. This results in cells which contain multiple copies of complete chromosome sets.
Possessing chromosomes of varying shapes is generally the result of a chromosomal translocation or chromosomal inversion.
In a translocation, genetic material is transferred from one chromosome to another, either symmetrically or asymmetrically (a Robertsonian translocation).
In an inversion, a segment of a chromosome is flipped end-for-end.
^Borin, Luciana Andreia; Isabel Cristina Martins-Santos (September 2000). "Intra-individual numerical chromosomal polymorphism in Trichomycterus davisi (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from the Iguaçu River basin in Brazil" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 23 (3): 605–607. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572000000300018.
^Bauchan, Gary R.; T. Austin Campbell; M. Azhar Hossain (July 1, 2002). "Chromosomal Polymorphism as Detected by C-Banding Patterns in Chilean Alfalfa Germplasm". Crop Science. 42 (4): 1291–7. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.1291. S2CID 85405717. Archived from the original on December 1, 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2005.
^Elrod DA, Beck ML, Kennedy ML (October 1996). "Chromosomal variation in the southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis)". Genetica. 98 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1007/BF00121367. PMID 8999000. S2CID 20111391.
^Thales Renato O. de Freitas (1997). "Chromosome polymorphism in Ctenomys minutus (Rodentia-Octodontidae)". Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 20 (1). doi:10.1590/S0100-84551997000100001.
^"Google Scholar".
^Barry Starr (February 26, 2010). "The 44 Chromosome Man And What He Reveals About Our Genetic Past". The Tech Museum. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011.
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