The Chongzhen calendar (Chinese: 崇禎曆; pinyin: Chóngzhēn lì; Wade–Giles: Ch‘ung2-chên1 Li4) or Shixian calendar (Chinese: 時憲曆; pinyin: Shíxiàn lì; Wade–Giles: Shih2hsian4 Li4) was a historical edition of the lunisolar Chinese calendar from 1645 to 1913.[1] It was developed by the lead of Xu Guangqi with the assistance of the Jesuit scholars Johann Schreck and Johann Adam Schall von Bell[2] from 1624 to 1644, and was dedicated to the Chongzhen Emperor. When he died a year after it was released, it was propagated in the first year of the Qing dynasty by the Shunzhi Emperor, who changed its name to Shíxiàn calendar.
This calendar is notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development of European mathematics and astronomy to China for the first time, and constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East.[2] Documented in more than 100 volumes of books, It offered an encyclopedic account of Euclidean geometry, spherical geometry and trigonometry, with extensive translations and references to Euclid's Elements and the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Tycho Brahe, whose Tychonic system was used its main theoretical basis.[3][4] In addition, a comprehensive set of mathematical tables and astronomical ephemerides was included.
The main changes introduced by the calendar are:
Replacement of the original "平氣法" solar term system (based on dividing a tropical year equally) with one based on the ecliptic longitude of the sun ("定氣法").
Placement of intercalary months changed to accommodate the changes in the solar term system.
This calendar was used from the early Chinese Qing Dynasty into the early modern era, but was modified and replaced in 1914 and again in 1928,[1] with various minor modifications since then. In 1928, it was put under the management of Purple Mountain Observatory (Zijinshan Astronomical Observatory), thus the present version is popularly referenced to as the Zijin calendar. All of these editions were based on modern astronomical data. In the People's Republic of China, it has been officially standardized as GB/T 33661-2017, "Calculation and Promulgation of the Chinese Calendar", issued by the Standardization Administration of China on May 12, 2017.[5]
^ ab"Rules for the Chinese Calendar". ytliu0.github.io. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
or Chongzhen was developed. During the late Ming dynasty, the Chinese Emperor appointed Xu Guangqi in 1629 to be the leader of the ShiXian calendar reform...
the Far East, was completed after his death and became known as the Chongzhencalendar. It's notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development...
the Chinese calendar. With Xu Guangqi, he participated in modifying the Chinese calendar and compiling what is known as the Chongzhencalendar. Named after...
century, 23 new asterisms were designated during the compilation of the Chongzhencalendar. Added Stars Names listed above are all enumerations within the respective...
[clarification needed] After the Ming dynasty fell, the Joseon dynasty still used Chongzhen, and the Kingdom of Tungning still used Yongli regnal years, thus denying...
imperial capital, Beijing, and the suicide of the last Ming emperor, Chongzhen, after the peasant rebel leader Li Zicheng captured Beijing in 1644. The...
Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 1644 – Transition from Ming to Qing: The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming China, commits suicide during a peasant...
to the Qing dynasty in 1637, it used the Qing calendar on the surface but secretly followed the Chongzhen era name to express the Joseon's ambition to...
calamity, pestilence, rebellion, and foreign invasion came to a peak. The Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–44) had Wei dismissed from court, which led to Wei's...
meters tall. The tomb is elliptical in shape. In the seventh year of the Chongzhen era (1634), he was posthumously granted the privilege of burial with the...
Brook, Timothy; et al. "Comparative pandemics: the Tudor–Stuart and Wanli–Chongzhen years of pestilence, 1567–1666" Journal of Global History (2020) 14#3...
scholarly and popular literature about China and Jesuits. One time the Chongzhen Emperor was nearly converted to Christianity and broke his idols. The...
Tianqi Emperor's 16-year-old brother, Zhu Youjian, is enthroned as the Chongzhen Emperor. October 28 – The Mughal Emperor Jahangir dies of a respiratory...
popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, to commit suicide. May 6 – Johan...
infuriated with his concubine, Lady Liu, who was the mother of the future Chongzhen Emperor. He ordered her punished, Lady Liu died during the ordeal. It...
cannons. February 5 – The Chongzhen Era begins in Ming dynasty China after the October 2 ascension of Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, on the first day...
era name of the Hongguang Emperor of the Southern Ming. On 7 June 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 3rd day of the 5th month), Zhu Yousong was proclaimed "regent" (監國)...
telescope known as the Yuan Jing Shuo (The Far-Seeing Optic Glass). The Chongzhen Emperor (r 1627–1644) of the Ming dynasty acquired the telescope of Johannes...
captured by a coalition of peasant rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu Qing dynasty...
Zicheng who founded the short-lived Shun dynasty captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide. The Ming general Wu Sangui then opened the...
– In China, General Yuan Chonghuan is invited to an audience with the Chongzhen Emperor and is arrested on charges of collusion with the enemy. Yuan is...
China calendar. While not an era name, the Republic of China calendar is based on the era name system of Imperial China. The Republic of China calendar was...
year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1629th year of the Common Era (CE)...
Schall von Bell, the German Jesuit and was recorded in Chongzhen Lishu (Calendrical Treatise of Chongzhen period, 1628).[clarification needed] Traditional Chinese...
Ming reign periods, as when a scholar marked 1861 as "the 234th year of Chongzhen". After invasions from Japan and Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly...
Gregorian calendar with a Juche year based on April 15, 1912 CE, the date of birth of Kim Il-sung, as year 1. There is no Juche year 0. The calendar was introduced...
starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1642nd year of the Common Era (CE)...
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