Cannabis (/ˈkænəbɪs/) is commonly known as marijuana or hemp and has two known strains: Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, both of which produce chemicals to deter herbivory. The chemical composition includes specialized terpenes and cannabinoids, mainly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). These substances play a role in defending the plant from pathogens including insects, fungi, viruses and bacteria.[1][2] THC and CBD are stored mostly in the trichomes of the plant,[3] and can cause psychological and physical impairment in the user, via the endocannabinoid system and unique receptors.[4][5] THC increases dopamine levels in the brain, which attributes to the euphoric and relaxed feelings cannabis provides. As THC is a secondary metabolite, it poses no known effects towards plant development, growth, and reproduction. However, some studies show secondary metabolites such as cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes are used as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic environmental stressors.[6][7][8]
^McPartland, J. M. (2000). Hemp diseases and pests : management and biological control : an advanced treatise. Robert Connell Clarke, David Paul Watson. New York, N.Y.: CABI Pub. ISBN 0-85199-454-7. OCLC 43526760.
^Kostanda, Elizabeth; Khatib, Soliman (2022). "Biotic stress caused by Tetranychus urticae mites elevates the quantity of secondary metabolites, cannabinoids and terpenes, in Cannabis sativa L." Industrial Crops and Products. 176: 114331. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114331. S2CID 245271895.
^Dolgin, Elie (2019-08-28). "The bioengineering of cannabis". Nature. 572 (7771): S5–S7. Bibcode:2019Natur.572S...5D. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02525-4. S2CID 201669745.
^Mackie, K. (2008). "Cannabinoid Receptors: Where They are and What They do". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 20 (s1): 10–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x. ISSN 0953-8194. PMID 18426493. S2CID 20161611.
^Atakan, Zerrin (2012). "Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2 (6): 241–254. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586. ISSN 2045-1253. PMC 3736954. PMID 23983983.
^Park, Sang-Hyuck; Staples, S. Kyle; Gostin, Eric L.; Smith, Jeffrey P.; Vigil, Jose J.; Seifried, Dustin; Kinney, Chad; Pauli, Christopher S.; Heuvel, Brian D. Vanden (2019-07-19). "Contrasting Roles of Cannabidiol as an Insecticide and Rescuing Agent for Ethanol–induced Death in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 10481. Bibcode:2019NatSR...910481P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47017-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6642087. PMID 31324859.
^Startek, Justyna B.; Voets, Thomas; Talavera, Karel (2019). "To flourish or perish: evolutionary TRiPs into the sensory biology of plant-herbivore interactions". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 471 (2): 213–236. doi:10.1007/s00424-018-2205-1. ISSN 0031-6768. PMID 30229297. S2CID 52295450.
of chemical reactions, and are just two types of over a hundred that are known. Inside the transcriptomes of glandular trichomes in the cannabis plant...
Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The specific epithet sativa means...
Cannabis has served as an entheogen—a chemical substance used in religious or spiritual contexts—in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating...
The effects of cannabis are caused by chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113[clarification needed] different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol...
have been identified for the dried leaves and flowers harvested from the cannabis plant for drug use. This list is not exhaustive; it includes well-attested...
A cannabis retail outlet (also known as cannabis shop, cannabis dispensary, cannabis store, cannabis cooperative) is a location at which cannabis is sold...
Cannabis dispensaries in the United States or marijuana dispensaries are a type of cannabis retail outlet, local government-regulated physical location...
dispensary-grade cannabis flower samples to date, found that “commercial labels do not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity.” In other words...
continues to ban interstate cannabis sales. Most regulated cannabis is grown indoors. Cannabis belongs to the genus Cannabisin the family Cannabaceae. It...
Cannabis indica is an annual plant species in the family Cannabaceae indigenous to the Hindu Kush mountains of Southern Asia. The plant produces large...
Cannabis use disorder (CUD), also known as cannabis addiction or marijuana addiction, is a psychiatric disorder defined in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic...
usage in English dates to before 1689. Ganja is borrowed from Hindi/Urdu gāñjā (Hindi: गांजा, Urdu: گانجا, IPA: [ɡaːɲd͡ʒaː]), a name for cannabisin the...
Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be...
Cannabis political parties of the United States include the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party, the Legal Marijuana Now Party, and the U.S. Marijuana Party...
medications contain only one or two chemicals. The number of active chemicalsincannabis is one reason why treatment with cannabis is difficult to classify and...
Cannabis (/ˈkænəbɪs/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may...
significant part in the development of religion and religious views as well as in rituals. The most common drugs in the historical religions are cannabis and alcohol...
Cannabis political parties of Minnesota include the Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party, the Independence Party, and the Legal Marijuana Now Party. Also...
The history of medicinal cannabis goes back to the ancient times. Ancient physicians in many parts of the world mixed cannabis into medicines to treat...
cannabis had been used previously for thousands of years, and Japan, where cannabis had been used for 10,000 years. Hemp paper only reached Europe in...
In the United States, the use of cannabis for medical purposes is legal in 38 states, four out of five permanently inhabited U.S. territories, and the...
Cannabis rights or marijuana rights (sometimes more specifically cannabis consumer rights or stoner rights) are individual civil rights that vary by jurisdiction...
April 15, 2010), sometimes called the "Emperor of Hemp", was an American cannabis rights activist and the author of the 1985 book The Emperor Wears No Clothes...
Cannabisin Italy is currently legal for medical and industrial uses, although it is strictly regulated, while it is decriminalized for recreational uses...
The use of cannabis as a recreational drug has been outlawed in many countries for several decades. As a result of long-fought legalization efforts, several...
is a word used in certain areas of Southern Africa to describe cannabis. The term, dating to the 1660s, derives from the word dacha in the Khoekhoe language...
animals. It is believed that plants developed caffeine as a chemicaldefense against insects. In 1948, Swiss pharmacologist Peter N. Witt started his research...
Global Information