Cao Wei information

Cao Wei
Cao Wei
Traditional Chinese	曹魏
Simplified Chinese	曹魏
Hanyu Pinyin	Cáo Wèi
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Cáo Wèi
Bopomofo	ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Tsaur Wey
Wade–Giles	Tsʻao2 Wei4
Tongyong Pinyin	Cáo Wèi
Yale Romanization	Tsáu Wèi
IPA	[tsʰǎʊ wêɪ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Chòuh Ngaih
Jyutping	cou4 ngai6
IPA	[tsʰou˩ ŋɐi˨]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Chô Gūi
Tâi-lô	Tsô Guī

Wei
魏
Wei 魏
220–266
	The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), 262 AD.
Capital	Xuchang (220–226), Luoyang (226–266)
Common languages	Middle Chinese
Religion	Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• Dec 220 – Jun 226	Cao Pi
• Jun 226 – Jan 239	Cao Rui
• Jan 239 – Oct 254	Cao Fang
• Oct 254 – Jun 260	Cao Mao
• Jun 260 – Feb 266	Cao Huan
Historical era	Three Kingdoms
• Abdication of Emperor Xian of Han	11 December 220
• Eastern Wu declaring independence from Wei	222
• Cao Wei conquers Shu Han	263
• Abdication of Cao Huan	4 February 266
Population
• 260	4,432,881 (disputed)
Currency	Chinese coin, Chinese cash (Wu Zhu)
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Eastern Han
Western Jin
Today part of	China; North Korea; Vietnam

Wei (Hanzi: 魏; pinyin: Wèi < Middle Chinese: *ŋjwei^C < Eastern Han Chinese: *ŋui^C^[10]) (220–266), known as Cao Wei (曹魏) or Former Wei in historiography,^[11]^[12] was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. With its capital initially located at Xuchang, and thereafter Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi (Emperor Wen) in 220, based upon the foundations laid by his father, Cao Cao, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty.

The name "Wei" first became associated with Cao Cao when he was named the Duke of Wei by the Eastern Han government in 213, and became the name of the state when Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in 220. Historians often add the prefix "Cao" to distinguish it from other Chinese states known as "Wei". The authority of the ruling Cao family dramatically weakened in the aftermath of the deposing and execution of Cao Shuang and his siblings, the former being one of the regents for the third Cao Wei emperor, Cao Fang, with state authority gradually falling into the hands of Sima Yi, another Cao Wei regent, and his family, from 249 onwards. The last Wei emperors would remain largely as puppet rulers under the control of the Simas until Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, forced the last Wei ruler, Cao Huan (Emperor Yuan), to abdicate the throne and established the Western Jin dynasty.

^ Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. Spring, first month (Feb. 15 – Mar. 15). The Emperor was about to come to Xu-chang when the south gate of Xu-chang collapsed from some unexplained cause. The Emperor was displeased at this and did not enter the city.
^ Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. In the tenth month of 220 (November), various ministers proposed that Cao Pi replace Liu Xie as the emperor, citing various astrological signs. On November 25, Liu Xie performed various ceremonies in preparation for abdicating the throne. On December 11, Liu Xie formally abdicated the throne and Cao Pi ascended as the new emperor.
^ Rafe de Crespigny. To Establish Peace. On 11 December Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the Han Emperor and took the imperial title for himself, with a new reign period Huangchu "Yellow Beginning" named in honour of the new Power of Yellow and Earth which had been foretold should succeed to the Red and Fire of Han. (Cf. note 84 to Jian'an 24.)
^ ([泰始元年]十二月，壬戌，魏帝禪位于晉；) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 79.
^ Zou Jiwan (Chinese: 鄒紀萬), Zhongguo Tongshi – Weijin Nanbeichao Shi 中國通史·魏晉南北朝史, (1992).
^ Institute of Advanced Studies (December 1991). Barme, Gerome (ed.). East Asian History: THE CONTINUATION OF Papers on Far Eastern History (PDF) (Number 2 ed.). Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. pp. 149–152. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ Tanner, Harold M. (13 March 2009). "Chapter 5: The Age of Warriors and Buddhists". China: A History. Hackett Publishing. p. 142. When it was established, Wu had only one-sixth of the population of the Eastern Han Empire (Cao Wei held over two-thirds of the Han population).
^ Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian. In the eighth month of 221, Sun Quan sent ambassadors to Wei declaring himself a subject of Cao Pi's state
^ Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. Eighth month (Sept. 5 – Oct. 3). Sun Quan sent an envoy to declare himself the subject of Wei
^ Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. p. 291
^ BSod-nams-rgyal-mtshan; Sørensen, Per K. (1994). The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 80. ISBN 3447035102.
^ Ching-hsiung Wu, ed. (1940). T'ien Hsia Monthly. Vol. 11. Kelly and Walsh. p. 370.

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[1] Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. Spring, first month (Feb. 15 – Mar. 15). The Emperor was about to come to Xu-chang when the south gate of Xu-chang collapsed from some unexplained cause. The Emperor was displeased at this and did not enter the city.

[2] Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. In the tenth month of 220 (November), various ministers proposed that Cao Pi replace Liu Xie as the emperor, citing various astrological signs. On November 25, Liu Xie performed various ceremonies in preparation for abdicating the throne. On December 11, Liu Xie formally abdicated the throne and Cao Pi ascended as the new emperor.

[3] Rafe de Crespigny. To Establish Peace. On 11 December Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the Han Emperor and took the imperial title for himself, with a new reign period Huangchu "Yellow Beginning" named in honour of the new Power of Yellow and Earth which had been foretold should succeed to the Red and Fire of Han. (Cf. note 84 to Jian'an 24.)

[4] ([泰始元年]十二月，壬戌，魏帝禪位于晉；) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 79.

[6] Zou Jiwan (Chinese: 鄒紀萬), Zhongguo Tongshi – Weijin Nanbeichao Shi 中國通史·魏晉南北朝史, (1992).

[7] Institute of Advanced Studies (December 1991). Barme, Gerome (ed.). East Asian History: THE CONTINUATION OF Papers on Far Eastern History (PDF) (Number 2 ed.). Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. pp. 149–152. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

[8] Tanner, Harold M. (13 March 2009). "Chapter 5: The Age of Warriors and Buddhists". China: A History. Hackett Publishing. p. 142. When it was established, Wu had only one-sixth of the population of the Eastern Han Empire (Cao Wei held over two-thirds of the Han population).

[10] Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian. In the eighth month of 221, Sun Quan sent ambassadors to Wei declaring himself a subject of Cao Pi's state

[11] Achilles Fang. Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. Eighth month (Sept. 5 – Oct. 3). Sun Quan sent an envoy to declare himself the subject of Wei

[13] Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. p. 291

[ISBN3447035102-p80-14] BSod-nams-rgyal-mtshan; Sørensen, Per K. (1994). The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 80. ISBN 3447035102.

[THM-v11-p370-15] Ching-hsiung Wu, ed. (1940). T'ien Hsia Monthly. Vol. 11. Kelly and Walsh. p. 370.

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