A painting from 1681 depicting a person affected by nausea and vomiting
Cancer and nausea are associated in about fifty percent of people affected by cancer.[1] This may be as a result of the cancer itself, or as an effect of the treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other medication such as opiates used for pain relief. About 70–80% of people undergoing chemotherapy experience nausea or vomiting. Nausea and vomiting may also occur in people not receiving treatment, often as a result of the disease involving the gastrointestinal tract,[2] electrolyte imbalance, or as a result of anxiety.[3] Nausea and vomiting may be experienced as the most unpleasant side effects of cytotoxic drugs[4] and may result in patients delaying or refusing further radiotherapy[5] or chemotherapy.[6]
The strategies of management or therapy of nausea and vomiting depend on the underlying causes.[7] Medical treatments or conditions associated with a high risk of nausea and/or vomiting include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and malignant bowel obstruction.[8] Anticipatory nausea and vomiting may also occur.[9] Nausea and vomiting may lead to further medical conditions and complications including: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, and a decrease in quality of life.[3]
Nausea may be defined as an unpleasant sensation of the need to vomit.[7] It may be accompanied by symptoms such as salivation, feeling faint, and a fast heart rate.[7] Vomiting is the forceful ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.[7] Although nausea and vomiting are closely related, some patients experience one symptom without the other and it may be easier to eliminate vomiting than nausea.[1] The vomiting reflex (also called emesis) is thought to have evolved in many animal species as a protective mechanism against ingested toxins. In humans, the vomiting response may be preceded by an unpleasant sensation termed nausea, but nausea may also occur without vomiting. The central nervous system is the primary site where a number of emetic stimuli (input) are received, processed and efferent signals (output) are generated as a response and sent to various effector organs or tissues, leading to processes that eventually end in vomiting.[10] The detection of emetic stimuli, the central processing by the brain and the resulting response by organs and tissues that lead to nausea and vomiting are referred to as the emetic pathway or emetic arch.
^Naeim A, Dy SM, Lorenz KA, Sanati H, Walling A, Asch SM (August 2008). "Evidence-based recommendations for cancer nausea and vomiting". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (23): 3903–3910. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1004.6283. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9533. PMID 18688059.
^ abCancer.org. "Understanding Nausea and Vomitting". Cancer.org. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
^Perwitasari DA, Gelderblom H, Atthobari J, Mustofa M, Dwiprahasto I, Nortier JW, et al. (February 2011). "Anti-emetic drugs in oncology: pharmacology and individualization by pharmacogenetics". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 33 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1007/s11096-010-9454-1. PMC 3042115. PMID 21365391.
^Cite error: The named reference Feyer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Rodrigues-2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcdCite error: The named reference ACS2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Ripamonti was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Roila-2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Hesketh PJ (June 2008). "Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (23): 2482–2494. doi:10.1056/nejmra0706547. PMID 18525044.
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