Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a kidney stone showing tetragonal crystals of Weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate) emerging from the amorphous central part of the stone (the horizontal length of the picture represents 0.5 mm of the figured original)
Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula CaC2O4 or Ca(COO)2. It forms hydrates CaC2O4·nH2O, where n varies from 1 to 3. Anhydrous and all hydrated forms are colorless or white. The monohydrate CaC2O4·H2O occurs naturally as the mineral whewellite, forming envelope-shaped crystals, known in plants as raphides. The two rarer hydrates are dihydrate CaC2O4·2H2O, which occurs naturally as the mineral weddellite, and trihydrate CaC2O4·3H2O, which occurs naturally as the mineral caoxite, are also recognized. Some foods have high quantities of calcium oxalates and can produce sores and numbing on ingestion and may even be fatal. Cultural groups with diets that depend highly on fruits and vegetables high in calcium oxalate, such as those in Micronesia, reduce the level of it by boiling and cooking them.[4][5] They are a constituent in 76% of human kidney stones.[6] Calcium oxalate is also found in beerstone, a scale that forms on containers used in breweries.
^Cite error: The named reference Acta was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Haynes, W., ed. (2015–2016). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (96th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4-55.
^Euler. "Ksp Table: Solubility product constants near 25 °C". chm.uri.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^Arnold, Michael A. (2014). "Pandanus tectorius S. Parkinson" (PDF). Aggie Horticulture. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^WebMD Editorial. "Foods High in Oxalates". WebMD. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^Singh, Prince; Enders, Felicity T.; Vaughan, Lisa E.; Bergstralh, Eric J.; Knoedler, John J.; Krambeck, Amy E.; Lieske, John C.; Rule, Andrew D. (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (10): 1356–1365. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
Calciumoxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula CaC2O4 or Ca(COO)2. It forms hydrates...
formation. Calcium is one component of the most common type of human kidney stones, calciumoxalate. Some studies suggest that people who take calcium or vitamin...
needed] Excess consumption of oxalate-rich foods has been linked to kidney stone formation of metal ions, such as calciumoxalate, a risk factor for kidney...
or raphis) are needle-shaped crystals of calciumoxalate monohydrate (prismatic monoclinic crystals) or calcium carbonate as aragonite (dipyramidal orthorhombic...
has oxalic acid, which reacts with the calcium in the milk producing calciumoxalate, thus preventing the calcium from being absorbed in the intestine....
contains calciumoxalate crystals. Similarly, the Virginia creeper, a common decorative vine, produces oxalic acid in its berries as well as oxalate crystals...
precipitates to form calciumoxalate kidney stones. Oxalobacter formigenes can protect against kidney stones by degrading oxalate. The role and presence...
clotting. Note that by removing calcium ions from the blood, sodium oxalate can impair brain function, and deposit calciumoxalate in the kidneys. "ChemIDplus...
which cause most of the toxicity. The diagnosis may be suspected when calciumoxalate crystals are seen in the urine or when acidosis or an increased osmol...
plants, produce calciumoxalate crystals, and these crystals are usually considered ultrastructural components of plant cells. Calciumoxalate is a material...
flowers a sour taste which can make them refreshing to chew. The crude calciumoxalate ranges from 13 to 25 mg/g fresh weight for woodsorrel as compared to...
nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. It may cause acute kidney injury. It is now more commonly...
with application to water for industrial use and for the removal of calciumoxalate from urine from patients with kidney stones. The most sensitive method...
conditions (e.g., water deficit), oxalate released from calciumoxalate crystals is converted to CO2 by an oxalate oxidase enzyme, and the produced CO2...
urine citrate levels - this prevents calciumoxalate stones by binding to calcium and inhibiting its binding to oxalate. It is also used to increase urine...
and consisted of radially elongated thick walled lignified walls. Calcium-oxalate crystals are predominantly prismatic crystals and druses type. Powder...
volume of water. By adding a reagent, here ammonium oxalate, the calcium will precipitate as calciumoxalate. The proper reagent, when added to aqueous solution...
Some can contain mineral crystals such as acrid tasting and poisonous calciumoxalate, carbonate, or silica. Any of the tissue or tissue systems of plants...
of power. Philodendrons can contain as much as 0.7% of oxalates in the form of calciumoxalate crystals as raphides. The risk of death, if even possible...
Middle Eastern religious community Druse (botany), an aggregation of calciumoxalate crystals found in certain plants Druse (geology), an incrustation of...
Hyperoxaluria is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Individuals with hyperoxaluria often have calciumoxalate kidney stones. It is sometimes called Bird's...
many other colors and patterns. Anthurium plants are poisonous due to calciumoxalate crystals. The sap is irritating to the skin and eyes. Like other aroids...
inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calciumoxalate or silicon dioxide in plants, to granules of energy-storage materials...
the ground in open woods. Like several other earthstars, crystals of calciumoxalate are found on G. pectinatum, and are thought to be involved in fruit...
Microcalcifications in the breast are made up of calcium phosphate or calciumoxalate. When consisting of calcium phosphate, they are usually dystrophic calcifications...
often contain raphides and trichosclereids – needle-like structures of calciumoxalate. In M. deliciosa, unripe fruit containing these needle-like crystalline...
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