Global InformationCO2 fertilization effect information
The CO2 fertilization effect or carbon fertilization effect causes an increased rate of photosynthesis while limiting leaf transpiration in plants. Both processes result from increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).[2][3] The carbon fertilization effect varies depending on plant species, air and soil temperature, and availability of water and nutrients.[4][5] Net primary productivity (NPP) might positively respond to the carbon fertilization effect.[6] Although, evidence shows that enhanced rates of photosynthesis in plants due to CO2 fertilization do not directly enhance all plant growth, and thus carbon storage.[4] The carbon fertilization effect has been reported to be the cause of 44% of gross primary productivity (GPP) increase since the 2000s.[1] Earth System Models, Land System Models and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models are used to investigate and interpret vegetation trends related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2.[4][7] However, the ecosystem processes associated with the CO2 fertilization effect remain uncertain and therefore are challenging to model.[8][9]
Terrestrial ecosystems have reduced atmospheric CO2 concentrations and have partially mitigated climate change effects.[10] The response by plants to the carbon fertilization effect is unlikely to significantly reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration over the next century due to the increasing anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO2.[3][4][11][12] Earth's vegetated lands have shown significant greening since the early 1980s[13] largely due to rising levels of atmospheric CO2.[14][15][16][17]
Theory predicts the tropics to have the largest uptake due to the carbon fertilization effect, but this has not been observed. The amount of CO2 uptake from CO2 fertilization also depends on how forests respond to climate change, and if they are protected from deforestation.[18]
Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide may reduce the nutritional quality of some crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and less of some minerals.[19]: 439 [20] Food crops could see a reduction of protein, iron and zinc content in common food crops of 3 to 17%.[21]
- ^ a b Chen C, Riley WJ, Prentice IC, Keenan TF (March 2022). "CO2 fertilization of terrestrial photosynthesis inferred from site to global scales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (10): e2115627119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11915627C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2115627119. PMC 8915860. PMID 35238668.
- ^ Ueyama M, Ichii K, Kobayashi H, Kumagai TO, Beringer J, Merbold L, et al. (2020-07-17). "Inferring CO2 fertilization effect based on global monitoring land-atmosphere exchange with a theoretical model". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (8): 084009. Bibcode:2020ERL....15h4009U. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab79e5. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ^ a b Tharammal T, Bala G, Narayanappa D, Nemani R (April 2019). "Potential roles of CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and land use and land cover change on the global terrestrial carbon uptake in the twenty-first century". Climate Dynamics. 52 (7–8): 4393–4406. Bibcode:2019ClDy...52.4393T. doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4388-8. ISSN 0930-7575. S2CID 134286531.
- ^ a b c d Hararuk O, Campbell EM, Antos JA, Parish R (December 2018). "Tree rings provide no evidence of a CO2 fertilization effect in old-growth subalpine forests of western Canada". Global Change Biology. 25 (4): 1222–1234. Bibcode:2019GCBio..25.1222H. doi:10.1111/gcb.14561. PMID 30588740.
- ^ Cartwright J (Aug 16, 2013). "How does carbon fertilization affect crop yield?". environmentalresearchweb. Environmental Research Letters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Smith WK, Reed SC, Cleveland CC, Ballantyne AP, Anderegg WR, Wieder WR, et al. (March 2016). "Large divergence of satellite and Earth system model estimates of global terrestrial CO2 fertilization". Nature Climate Change. 6 (3): 306–310. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..306K. doi:10.1038/nclimate2879. ISSN 1758-678X.
- ^ Bastos A, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Rödenbeck C, Ballantyne AP, Maignan F, Yin Y, Fernández-Martínez M, Friedlingstein P, Peñuelas J, Piao SL (2019-10-07). "Contrasting effects of CO2 fertilization, land-use change and warming on seasonal amplitude of Northern Hemisphere CO2 exchange". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 19 (19): 12361–12375. Bibcode:2019ACP....1912361B. doi:10.5194/acp-19-12361-2019. ISSN 1680-7324.
- ^ Li Q, Lu X, Wang Y, Huang X, Cox PM, Luo Y (November 2018). "Leaf Area Index identified as a major source of variability in modelled CO2 fertilization". Biogeosciences. 15 (22): 6909–6925. doi:10.5194/bg-2018-213.
- ^ Albani M, Medvigy D, Hurtt GC, Moorcroft PR (December 2006). "The contributions of land-use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink: Partitioning of the Eastern US Carbon Sink". Global Change Biology. 12 (12): 2370–2390. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x. S2CID 2861520.
- ^ Wang S, Zhang Y, Ju W, Chen JM, Ciais P, Cescatti A, et al. (December 2020). "Recent global decline of CO2 fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis". Science. 370 (6522): 1295–1300. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1295W. doi:10.1126/science.abb7772. hdl:10067/1754050151162165141. PMID 33303610. S2CID 228084631.
- ^ Sugden AM (2020-12-11). Funk M (ed.). "A decline in the carbon fertilization effect". Science. 370 (6522): 1286.5–1287. Bibcode:2020Sci...370S1286S. doi:10.1126/science.370.6522.1286-e. S2CID 230526366.
- ^ Kirschbaum MU (January 2011). "Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? Lessons learned from CO2 enrichment studies". Plant Physiology. 155 (1): 117–24. doi:10.1104/pp.110.166819. PMC 3075783. PMID 21088226.
- ^ "Global Green Up Slows Warming". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
- ^ Tabor A (2019-02-08). "Human Activity in China and India Dominates the Greening of Earth". NASA. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
- ^ Zhu Z, Piao S, Myneni RB, Huang M, Zeng Z, Canadell JG, et al. (2016-08-01). "Greening of the Earth and its drivers". Nature Climate Change. 6 (8): 791–795. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..791Z. doi:10.1038/nclimate3004. S2CID 7980894.
- ^ Hille K (2016-04-25). "Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds". NASA. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
- ^ "If you're looking for good news about climate change, this is about the best there is right now". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ^ Schimel D, Stephens BB, Fisher JB (January 2015). "Effect of increasing CO2 on the terrestrial carbon cycle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (2): 436–41. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112..436S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1407302112. PMC 4299228. PMID 25548156.
- ^ Mbow C, Rosenzweig C, Barioni LG, Benton TG, Herrero M, Krishnapillai M, et al. (2019). "Chapter 5: Food Security" (PDF). In Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, et al. (eds.). Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
- ^ Milius S (13 December 2017). "Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops". Science News. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ Smith MR, Myers SS (27 August 2018). "Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition". Nature Climate Change. 8 (9): 834–839. Bibcode:2018NatCC...8..834S. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0253-3. ISSN 1758-678X. S2CID 91727337.