Development of agricultural output of South Africa in 2015 US$ since 1961A windpump on a farm in South Africa.
Agriculture in South Africa contributes around 5% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa and the number is still decreasing,[1] as well as providing work for casual laborers and contributing around 2.6 percent of GDP for the nation.[2] Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5 percent can be used for crop production, and only 3 percent is considered high potential land.[3]
According to FAOSTAT, South Africa is one of the world's largest producers of: chicory roots (4th); grapefruit (4th); cereals (5th); green maize and maize (7th); castor oil seed (9th); pears (9th); sisal (10th); fibre crops (10th).[4] The dairy industry consists of around 4,300 milk producers providing employment for 60,000 farm workers and contributing to the livelihoods of around 40,000 others.[5]
The South African government has set a target of transferring 30% of productive farmland to 'previously disadvantaged' black people by 2014.[6] Land reform has been criticised both by farmers' groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging that the pace of change has not been fast enough, and the former alleging racist treatment and expressing concerns that a similar situation to Zimbabwe's land reform policy may develop,[7] a fear exacerbated by comments made by former deputy president Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka.[8][9] On 27 February 2018, the National Assembly voted to set in motion a process to amend the Constitution so as to allow for the expropriation of land without compensation.[10]
The government has been accused of either putting in too much effort,[11][needs update] or not enough effort,[12] to tackle the problem of farm attacks as opposed to other forms of violent crime.
Some predictions show surface water supply could decrease by 60% by 2070 in parts of the Western Cape.[13] To reverse the damage caused by land mismanagement, the government has supported a scheme which promotes sustainable development and the use of natural resources.[14] Maize production, which contributes to a 36% majority of the gross value of South Africa's field crops, has also experienced negative effects due to climate change.[citation needed] The estimated value of loss, which takes into consideration scenarios with and without the carbon dioxide fertilization effect,[15] ranges between tens and hundreds of millions of Rands.[16]
^"South Africa - employment by economic sector 2019".
^Human Rights Watch, 2001. Unequal Protection: The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms, ISBN 1-56432-263-7.
^Mohamed, Najma. 2000. "Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture", in At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa into the 21st century, ed. Cousins, Ben. Bellville, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. ISBN 1-86808-467-1.
^"FAOSTAT 2008 by Production". faostat.fao.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
^"Agriculture". South Africa Online. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
^Berger, Sebastien (21 October 2009). "Congo hands land to South African farmers". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^"South Africa's bitter harvest". The Times. UK. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^"South Africans' long wait for land". BBC News. 27 July 2005. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^"SA 'to learn from' land seizures". BBC News. 11 August 2005. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^Gerber, Jan (27 February 2018). "National Assembly adopts motion on land expropriation without compensation". news24. 24.com. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^Bronwen Manby (August 2001). Unequal Protection – The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-263-7. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
^"Farms of Fear". The Times. UK. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^Climate change to create African 'water refugees' – scientists, Reuters Alertnet. Accessed 21 September 2006]. Archived 25 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^"Department of Agriculture South Africa". Nda.agric.za. Archived from the original on 11 November 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^"The CO2 fertilization effect: higher carbohydrate production and retention as biomass and seed yield". Fao.org. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^J. Turpie; et al. (2002). "Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa: A Preliminary Analysis of Unmitigated Damage Costs" (PDF). Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Inc. Southern Waters Ecological Research & Consulting & Energy & Development Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
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