Illustration of a neuron, microtubules shown as they enter the axon not labelled but seen enclosed in myelin sheath.
Anatomical terms of microanatomy
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Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is structural or connective called the stroma which includes blood vessels. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons, also known as nerve cells, and glial cells, also known as neuroglia.[1]
Neurons are the excitable cells of the brain that function by communicating with other neurons and interneurons (via synapses), in neural circuits and larger brain networks. The two main neuronal classes in the cerebral cortex are excitatory projection neurons (around 70-80%) and inhibitory interneurons (around 20–30%).[2] Neurons are often grouped into a cluster known as a nucleus where they usually have roughly similar connections and functions.[3] Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts of white matter.
Glia are the supporting cells of the neurons and have many functions not all of which are clearly understood, but include providing support and nutrients to the neurons. Glia are grouped into macroglia of astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes, and much smaller microglia. Astrocytes are seen to be capable of communication with neurons involving a signalling process similar to neurotransmission called gliotransmission.[4]
^Purves, Dale (2012). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sunderland, Mass. pp. 8–10. ISBN 9780878936953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Riedemann, T (17 June 2019). "Diversity and Function of Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Cerebral Cortex". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (12): 2952. doi:10.3390/ijms20122952. PMC 6627222. PMID 31212931.
^Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; White, Leonard E. (2012). Neuroscience (5th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 15. ISBN 9780878936953.
^Mederos, S; Perea, G (October 2019). "GABAergic-astrocyte signaling: A refinement of inhibitory brain networks". Glia. 67 (10): 1842–1851. doi:10.1002/glia.23644. PMC 6772151. PMID 31145508.
Braincells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is structural or connective called the stroma which includes blood...
that affect the cells of the sensory organs, and they send signals to the spinal cord or brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord...
information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain. The operations of individual braincells are now understood in considerable detail but the way...
BrainCell Repulsion is a mail art project begun by Ryosuke Cohen in June 1985. The project is a networked art project where individual artists contribute...
Brain injury (BI) is the destruction or degeneration of braincells. Brain injuries occur due to a wide range of internal and external factors. In general...
supportive glial cells. There are more than 86 billion neurons in the brain, and a more or less equal number of other cells. Brain activity is made possible...
needed] The brain parenchyma refers to the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of braincell, neurons and glial cells. It is also...
κύτος, kútos, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They perform...
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: malignant (cancerous) tumors and benign (non-cancerous)...
networks using algebraic topology. In 2018, Blue Brain Project released its first digital 3D braincell atlas which, according to ScienceDaily, is like...
Allen Institute conducts large-scale basic science research studying the brain, cells and immune system in effort to accelerate science and disease research...
and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology...
Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral...
intelligence. Studies have suggested an increased number of glial cells in Einstein's brain. Einstein's autopsy was conducted in the lab of Thomas Stoltz...
in brain tumors. The mast cell is very similar in both appearance and function to the basophil, another type of white blood cell. Although mast cells were...
brain transplant in mice. In 1998, a team of surgeons from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center attempted to transplant a group of braincells...
Dead BrainCells, often abbreviated as DBC, are a Canadian thrash metal band that was initially active from 1986 to 1991, and they have reunited occasionally...
vascularized area within an unborn infant's brain from which braincells, including neurons and glial cells, originate. Infants are at most risk to germinal...
studied these and other cells, eventually resulting in their widely known 1959 paper "What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain." Around 1969, Lettvin...
neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for about 10-15% of cells found within the brain. As the resident...
eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, which are cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity...
hypothesis". Brain. 123 (12): 2373–99. doi:10.1093/brain/123.12.2373. PMID 11099442. "Scientists identify a new kind of human braincell". Allen Institute...
Foetal braincell graft is a surgical procedure that can be used as a regenerative treatment for various neurological conditions, but was mainly explored...
that can lead to cell death through one or more pathways. Computed tomography (CT) and MRI scanning will show damaged area in the brain. A CT scan will...
Aging of the brain is a process of transformation of the brain in older age, including changes all individuals experience and those of illness (including...
specific group of cells. SLAVs occurrence in the brain is estimated to be of 0.58–1 SLAVs per cell and to involve 44–63% of the braincells.[citation needed]...
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