Brahma Sutras information

The Brahma Sūtras (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मसूत्राणि), also known as the Vedanta Sūtra (Sanskrit: वेदान्त सूत्र),^[1]^{[note 1]} Shariraka Sūtra,^{[note 2]} and Bhikshu-sūtra,^{[note 3]} are a Sanskrit text which synthesizes and harmonizes Upanishadic ideas and practices. It is attributed to the sages Bādarāyaṇa and Vyāsa, but probably an accumulation of incremental additions and changes by various authors to an earlier work, completed in its surviving form in approx. 400–450 CE.^[5]^{[note 4]} The oldest version may be composed between 500 BCE and 200 BCE,^[6]^[7] with 200 BCE being the most likely date.^[8]

The Brahma Sūtras consist of 555 aphoristic verses (sutras) in four chapters,^[9] dealing with attaining knowledge of Brahman.^[1]^[10] Assuming that the Upanishads are unfallible revelations describing the same metaphysical Reality, Brahman, which cannot be different for different people, the text attempts to synthesize and harmonize diverse and sometimes apparently conflicting vidyas ("knowledges") of, and upasanas (meditation, worship) on Brahman. It does so from a bhedabheda-perspective,^[1] arguing, as John Koller states: "that Brahman and Atman are, in some respects, different, but, at the deepest level, non-different (advaita), being identical."^[11] The first chapter unifies the different views of Brahman or Absolute Reality found in the Upanishads. The second chapter reviews and addresses the objections raised by the ideas of competing orthodox schools of Hindu philosophies such as Nyaya, Yoga, Vaisheshika and Mimamsa as well as heterodox schools such as Buddhism and Jainism.^[12] The third chapter compares the vidyas and upasanas found in the Upanishads, deciding which are similar and can be combined, and which are different.^[13] The last chapter states why such a knowledge is an important human need.^[6]

The Brahma Sūtras is one of three most important texts in Vedanta along with the Principal Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.^[1]^[4]^{[web 1]} It has been influential to various schools of Indian philosophies, but interpreted differently by the non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta sub-school, the theistic Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita Vedanta sub-schools, as well as others.^{[web 1]} Several commentaries on the Brahma Sūtras are lost to history or yet to be found; of the surviving ones, the most well studied commentaries on the Brahma Sūtras include the bhashya by Adi Shankara,^[1] Ramanuja, Madhvacharya, Bhaskara, Baladeva Vidyabhushan, Ramanandacharya and many others.^[14]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lochtefeld (2002), p. 124.
^ Deussen (2015), pp. 3–4.
^ Radhakrishna (1960), p. 22 with footnote 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Isaeva (1992), p. 35, with footnote 30.
^ ^a ^b Nakamura (1989), p. 436.
^ ^a ^b Lochtefeld (2002), p. 746.
^ Klostermaier (2010), p. 501.
^ Collinson & Wilkinson (1994), p. 48.
^ Radhakrishna (1960), pp. 23–24.
^ Radhakrishna (1960), p. 21.
^ Koller (2013), p. 99.
^ Darling (2007), pp. 161–164.
^ Sivananda (1977), pp. 465–467.
^ Radhakrishna (1960), pp. 26–27.

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[FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002124-1] Lochtefeld (2002), p. 124.

[FOOTNOTEDeussen20153–4-2] Deussen (2015), pp. 3–4.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishna196022_with_footnote_2-4] Radhakrishna (1960), p. 22 with footnote 2.

[FOOTNOTEIsaeva199235,_with_footnote_30-5] Isaeva (1992), p. 35, with footnote 30.

[FOOTNOTENakamura1989436-8] Nakamura (1989), p. 436.

[FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002746-10] Lochtefeld (2002), p. 746.

[FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010501-11] Klostermaier (2010), p. 501.

[FOOTNOTECollinsonWilkinson199448-12] Collinson & Wilkinson (1994), p. 48.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishna196023–24-13] Radhakrishna (1960), pp. 23–24.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishna196021-14] Radhakrishna (1960), p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEKoller201399-15] Koller (2013), p. 99.

[FOOTNOTEDarling2007161–164-16] Darling (2007), pp. 161–164.

[FOOTNOTESivananda1977465–467-17] Sivananda (1977), pp. 465–467.

[FOOTNOTERadhakrishna196026–27-19] Radhakrishna (1960), pp. 26–27.

Brahma Sutras information

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