Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency information
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Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency refer to experimental methods and techniques that seek to test or provide evidence for specific kinds of causal relationships in biological systems. A necessary cause is one without which it would be impossible for an effect to occur, while a sufficient cause is one whose presence guarantees the occurrence of an effect. These concepts are largely based on but distinct from ideas of necessity and sufficiency in logic.
Tests of necessity, among which are methods of lesioning or gene knockout, and tests of sufficiency, among which are methods of isolation or discrete stimulation of factors, have become important in current-day experimental designs, and application of these tests have led to a number of notable discoveries and findings in the biological sciences.
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self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors...
by virtue of the arrangement of their terms and meanings, thus analytic statements are tautologies, merely logical truths, true by necessity. Whereas synthetic...
instruments instead of rigorous step-by-step instructions on administering tests Failure to recognize exact content and strategies for training and retraining...
estimating sample sizes for statistical testing. A lower Cohen's d indicates the necessityof larger sample sizes, and vice versa, as can subsequently be determined...
clearing the "soil" of "natives" to make way for more "racially pure" occupiers and laying the foundation of their economic self-sufficiencyand growing global...
willing to have friends of the opposite-sex. Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood tend to affect the necessityand importance of friendships. Those...
repeated administration of the same measurement instruments to the same units at different occasions, with a post-testand follow-up tests? What about using...
second-source measures), tests developed by teachers, tests developed by researchers, andtests developed by teachers who also serve the role as the researcher...
principles of simple living, which maximize self-sufficiency, particularly in food production. These principles, on a broader scale, underpin the concept of a...
response. Optogenetically inhibiting or activating neurons tests their necessityandsufficiency, respectively, in generating a behavior. Using this approach...
Ratzel and accepted by Hausfhofer. He justified lebensraum, even at the cost of other nations' existence because conquest was a biologicalnecessity for...
continual necessity for neologisms implies that languages must "progress" or "advance." These ideas foreshadow evolution of either biological species or...
activities of self sufficiency. Children begin expressing more complex emotions in the three- to six-year-old range, including humor, empathy, and altruism, as...
system or believe it is a necessity to introduce and develop inventions. Another survey for the same time period show that, of those 12 same industries...
with the principal goal of achieving autarky (national economic self-sufficiency). Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest...
ideology, but they did follow popular opinion, the interests of their donors and the necessitiesof World War II. In general, fascist governments exercised...
Ratzel and accepted by Hausfhofer. He justified Lebensraum, even at the cost of other nations' existence, because conquest was a biologicalnecessity for...
individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults – especially between 12–35 years of age...
role in navigation in migratory monarch butterflies. Using testsofnecessity, Merlin and colleagues analyzed migratory butterfly orientation with intact...
they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an essential aspect of Labor Zionism. Though socialist Zionism draws its inspiration and is philosophically...
and in a gain-of-function (also called "sufficiency") experiment, an aspect of the nervous system is increased relative to normal. Manipulations of brain...
1848 I have been so constantly under the necessityof watching the movements of the most unprincipled set of pirates I have ever known, that all my time...
seen as form of belief commitment firmly fixed by an argumentation procedure that tests the evidence on both sides, and uses standards of proof to determine...
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