Two men argue at a political protest in New York City.Example of an early argument map, from Richard Whately's Elements of Logic (1852 edition)
Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning. With historical origins in logic, dialectic, and rhetoric, argumentation theory includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue, conversation, and persuasion. It studies rules of inference, logic, and procedural rules in both artificial and real-world settings.[1][2]
Argumentation includes various forms of dialogue such as deliberation and negotiation which are concerned with collaborative decision-making procedures.[3] It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal, and didactic dialogue used for teaching.[2] This discipline also studies the means by which people can express and rationally resolve or at least manage their disagreements.[4]
Argumentation is a daily occurrence, such as in public debate, science, and law.[5] For example in law, in courts by the judge, the parties and the prosecutor, in presenting and testing the validity of evidences. Also, argumentation scholars study the post hoc rationalizations by which organizational actors try to justify decisions they have made irrationally.
Argumentation is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, description, and narration.
^van Eemeren, Frans H.; Grootendorst, Rob (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: the pragma-dialectical approach. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 9–13. ISBN 0521830753. OCLC 51931118.
^ abvan Eemeren, Frans H.; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014). Handbook of argumentation theory. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 65–66. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5. ISBN 9789048194728. OCLC 871004444. At the start of Topics VIII.5, Aristotle distinguishes three types of dialogue by their different goals: (1) the truly dialectical debate, which is concerned with training (gumnasia), with critical examination (peira), or with inquiry (skepsis); (2) the didactic discussion, concerned with teaching; and (3) the competitive (eristic, contentious) type of debate in which winning is the only concern.
^Jory, Constanza Ihnen (May 2016). "Negotiation and deliberation: grasping the difference". Argumentation. 30 (2): 145–165 [146]. doi:10.1007/s10503-014-9343-1. S2CID 189944698.
^Walton, Douglas N. (1990). "What is Reasoning? What Is an Argument?". The Journal of Philosophy. 87 (8): 399–419. doi:10.2307/2026735. JSTOR 2026735.
^Palau, Raquel Mochales; Moens, Marie-Francine (2009-06-08). "Argumentation mining". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ICAIL '09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 98–107. doi:10.1145/1568234.1568246. ISBN 978-1-60558-597-0. S2CID 1788414.
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Argumentationtheory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning. With historical...
ISBN 0-534-60516-8 Charles Arthur Willard, A Theory of Argumentation. 1989. Charles Arthur Willard, Argumentation and the Social Grounds of Knowledge. 1982...
what is true. Argumentationtheory provides a different approach to understanding and classifying fallacies. In the pragma-dialectical theory, for instance...
may thus be said to be a logic of argumentation, as distinguished from implication and inference. Argumentationtheory is interdisciplinary in the sense...
reasoning Analogical reasoning Argument (logic) Argumentationtheory Correspondence theory of truth Decision making Decision theory Defeasible reasoning Fallacy...
arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory...
In argumentationtheory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation...
tradition specifically refers to addressing the pros and cons of an argumentation. Sloane argues that it is required when using inventio as a tool that...
visualisation of arguments and debates. In the 1980s and 1990s, philosophical theories of arguments in general, and argumentationtheory in particular,...
with the failure of formal reduction of informal argumentation, English speaking argumentationtheory developed diagrammatic approaches to informal reasoning...
In argumentationtheory, an argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people") is a fallacious argument which is based on claiming a truth or affirming...
its selfish aim and purpose. Argumentationtheory is a field of study that asks critical questions about eristic arguments and the other types of dialogue...
„Der Begriff des Arguments“, in: Argumentation 26 (2012), 297-304 Frans H. van Eemeren et al., Fundamentals of ArgumentationTheory. A Handbook of Historical...
ISBN 978-1-139-46184-9. van Eemeren, F. H. (2001). Crucial Concepts in ArgumentationTheory. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-523-0. van Eemeren...
Argument mining, or argumentation mining, is a research area within the natural-language processing field. The goal of argument mining is the automatic...
the schemata or inferential structure of the argument. In argumentationtheory or informal logic, an argument form is sometimes seen as a broader notion...
set of labellings of argumentation graphs (Riveret et al. 2018). A labelling of an argumentation graph associates any argument of the graph with a label...
A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory or master theory is a hypothetical, singular, all-encompassing, coherent...
argumentation frameworks or the value-based argumentation frameworks. Abstract argumentation frameworks, also called argumentation frameworks à la Dung, are defined...
regress argument is an argument against a theory based on the fact that this theory leads to an infinite regress. A positive infinite regress argument employs...
and Aikin, Scott (2008) "Two Forms of the Straw Man" Argumentation 20: 345-352" (PDF). Argumentation. 20 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1007/s10503-006-9017-8. S2CID 15523437...
fortiori (literally "argument from the stronger [reason]") (UK: /ˈɑː fɔːrtiˈoʊri/, US: /ˈeɪ fɔːrʃiˈɔːraɪ/) is a form of argumentation that draws upon existing...
European cultural movement Argument – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion Argumentationtheory – Academic field of logic and...
Argumentation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–2. ISBN 9781107039308. Walton, Douglas N. (1987). Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument...
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