Geopolitik was a German school of geopolitics which existed between the late 19th century and World War II.
It developed from the writings of various European and American philosophers, geographers and military personnel, including Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), Alexander Humboldt (1769–1859), Karl Ritter (1779–1859), Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), Rudolf Kjellén (1864–1922), Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914), Homer Lea (1876–1912), Halford Mackinder (1861–1947) and Karl Haushofer (1869–1946). The ideology of Adolf Hitler adapted, and eventually incorporated some of its tenets.
The defining characteristic of Geopolitik is the inclusion of organic state theory, informed by social Darwinism. It was characterized by clash of civilizations-style theorizing. It is perhaps the closest of any school of geostrategy to a purely nationalistic conception of geostrategy, which ended up masking other more universal elements.
Germany acted as a revisionist state within the international system during both World Wars by attempting to overthrow British domination, and to counter what it saw as rising US and Russian hegemony. As a latecomer to nationhood proper, lacking colonies or reserved markets for industrial output but also experiencing rapid population growth, Germany desired a more equitable distribution of wealth and territory within the international system. Some modern scholars have begun to treat the two World Wars, participated in by Germany, as a single war (1914–1945) in which the revisionist Germany attempted to bid for hegemonic control with which to reorder the international system.[1]
German foreign policy was largely consistent in both wars. The foreign policy of Nazi Germany (1933–1945) was unique insofar as it learned from what it saw as past imperial mistakes but essentially followed the very same designs laid out by German Geopolitik in the historical record of the German Empire.
^Gilpin, p. 200; Knutsen, pp. 6–7; Tammem, pp. 51–52; Rasler & Thompson, p. 4.
Geopolitik was a German school of geopolitics which existed between the late 19th century and World War II. It developed from the writings of various European...
general, professor, geographer, and diplomat. Haushofer's concept of Geopolitik influenced the ideological development of Adolf Hitler. Rudolf Hess was...
Zeitschrift für Geopolitik (Journal for Geopolitics), which was later used in the propaganda of Nazi Germany. The key concepts of Haushofer's Geopolitik were Lebensraum...
enthusiastically taken up by the German school of Geopolitik, in particular by its main proponent Karl Haushofer. Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi...
creating a foundation for the uniquely German variant of geopolitics: Geopolitik. Ratzel's writings coincided with the growth of German industrialism after...
he was the editor of the German geopolitical magazine "Zeitschrift für Geopolitik". Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin (2019-07-18). The House of Sciences: The First...
December 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2020. "Tujuan Wawasan Nusantara Sebagai Geopolitik Indonesia, Fungsi dan Dasar Pemikirannya". Liputan 6 (in Indonesian)....
the above theories were taken on board by German geopoliticians (see Geopolitik) such as Karl Haushofer who - perhaps inadvertently - greatly influenced...
pioneer in geopolitik thinking, and his teachings were a foundation for Adolf Hitler's framework for Nazi ideology. Beukema writings reveal geopolitik as an...
January 2024. "Akuisisi TikTok Atas Tokopedia: Antara Peluang dan Ancaman Geopolitik" (in Indonesian). Katanetizen Kompas.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024. "Tech...
Junker u. Dünnhaupt, Berlin 1940 Allgemeine politische Geographie und Geopolitik. Band 1, Vowinckel, Heidelberg Scipio. Ein Schauspiel in 5 Akten, Drama...
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