Schematic representation of the theoretical (T) and the empirical (E) horopter.
The horopter was originally defined in geometric terms as the locus of points in space that make the same angle at each eye with the fixation point, although more recently in studies of binocular vision it is taken to be the locus of points in space that have the same disparity as fixation. This can be defined theoretically as the points in space that project on corresponding points in the two retinas, that is, on anatomically identical points. The horopter can be measured empirically in which it is defined using some criterion.
The concept of horopter can then be extended as a geometrical locus of points in space where a specific condition is met:
the binocular horopter is the locus of iso-disparity points in space;
the oculomotor horopter is the locus of iso-vergence points in space.
As other quantities that describe the functional principles of the visual system, it is possible to provide a theoretical description of the phenomenon. The measurement with psycho-physical experiments usually provide an empirical definition that slightly deviates from the theoretical one. The underlying theory is that this deviation represents an adaptation of the visual system to the regularities that can be encountered in natural environments.[1][2]
^Cite error: The named reference Sprague2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Gibaldi2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The horopter was originally defined in geometric terms as the locus of points in space that make the same angle at each eye with the fixation point, although...
eyes. This line is called the empirical horizontal horopter. There is also an empirical vertical horopter, which is effectively tilted away from the eyes...
shape of the horopter. Alongside with Helmholtz and Hillebrand, he noticed that the empirical horopter does not match the theoretical horopter, a phenomenon...
paternity diagnosis, evolution, biometrics, sensory physiology (optimal Horopter), sex ratio in humans and animals and the right-left problem. Wilhelm Ludwig...
in the two eyes. Recent evidence based on an analysis of the empirical horopter suggests that subjective estimates of cyclovergence are accurate if they...
Gibaldi, A., Labhishetty, V., Thibos, L. N., & Banks, M. S. (2021). The blur horopter: Retinal conjugate surface in binocular viewing. Journal of Vision, 21(3...
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