Bihari languages are a group of the Indo-Aryan languages.[1][2] The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, and also in Nepal.[3][4] The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili.
Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004).[5] Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal.[6] Bhojpuri is also official in Fiji as Fiji Baat. There are demands for including Bhojpuri in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution.
In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[7] These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[8] After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[9] Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language.[10]
^Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 26, 446–462.
^Bihari at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
^Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28: 262–274.
^Brass, Paul R. (1974). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge University Press.
^"The Constitution (Ninety-Second Amendment) Act, 2003". National Portal of India. 7 January 2004. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
^Kumayaa, Harshitha (6 September 2018). "Nepal". The Hindu.
^Damani, Guarang (2015). "History of Indian Languages". Die-hard Indian. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
^Verma, Mahandra K. (2001). "Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique". Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia. ISBN 9788120817654.
^Brass, Paul R. (8 September 1994). The Politics of India Since Independence (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780521459709. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
^Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-643-10231-7.
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Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5. ...the number of speakers of Biharilanguages are difficult...
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"Hindi languages", which includes Western Hindi (apart from Urdu), Eastern Hindi, Biharilanguages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the...
Hoernle, A.F. Rudolf & Grierson, G.A. A Comparative Dictionary of the BihariLanguage Prasad, Swarnlata (1959) Juncture and Aitch in Magahi, Indian Linguistics...
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of the Magahi language in his linguistic survey. However, recent study demonstrate that Khortha is more similar to other Biharilanguages of Jharkhand...
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songs in all Biharilanguages including Angika. During The 2023 Shravani Mela visit in Sultanganj, Another Angika Folk-Singer Chhaila Bihari stated that...
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi pronunciation: [əʈəl bɪɦaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpai]; 25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian politician and poet who served three...
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Zone Indo-Aryan languages, and sometimes treated as a group of its own. Romani shares a number of features with the Central Zone languages. The most significant...
largely mutually intelligible with the languages of Awadhi and Bhojpuri, as well as with the Biharilanguages of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhesh...
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Jaggery is a traditional non-centrifugal cane sugar consumed in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Central America, Brazil and Africa. It is a concentrated...
dialect of the Bhojpuri language in his "Linguistic Survey of India". Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages. Recent studies demonstrate...
Bihari culture refers to the culture of the Indian state of Bihar. Bihari culture includes Angika culture, Mithila culture, Bhojpuri Culture and the culture...
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are grouped together as the Biharilanguages. Together with the other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Biharilanguages are considered to be direct...
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