Beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) is a widely used air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow. This technique allows for the detection of PM10 and PM2.5, which are monitored by most air pollution regulatory agencies. The main principle is based on a kind of Bouguer (Lambert–Beer) law: the amount by which the flow of beta radiation (electrons) is attenuated by a solid matter is exponentially dependent on its mass and not on any other feature (such as density, chemical composition or some optical or electrical properties) of this matter.[1] So, the air is drawn from outside of the detector through an "infinite" (cycling) ribbon made from some filtering material so that the particles are collected on it. There are two sources of beta radiation placed one before and one after the region where air flow passes through the ribbon leaving particles on it; and there are also two detectors on the opposite side of the ribbon, facing the detectors. The sources' intensity and detectors' sensitivity being the same (or corrected with appropriate calibration lookup table), the intensity of beta rays detected by one of detectors is compared to that of the other. Thus one can deduce how much mass has the ribbon acquired upon being exposed to air flow; knowing the drain velocity, actual particle mass concentration in air could be assessed.
The radiation source can be a gas chamber, filled with 86Kr gas, or a pieces of 14C-rich polymer plastic, such as PMMA.[2][3] Detector is simply a Geiger–Mueller counter. The particulate matter content measured is affected by the moisture content in the air, unfortunately.[4]
To discriminate between particle of different sizes (e. g., between PM10 and PM2.5), some preliminary separation could be accomplished, for example, by cyclone battery.
A similar method exists, where instead of beta particle flow an X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopic monitoring is applied on the either side of air flow contact with the ribbon. This allows to obtain not only cumulative measurement of particle mass, but also to detect their average chemical composition (technique works for potassium and elements heavier than it).[5]
^A. Liberti. Modern Methods for Air Pollution Monitoring. Pure and Applied Chemistry1975, 44(3). – pp. 519–534.
^Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air. Chapter IO-1. Continuous measurement of PM10 suspended particulate matter (SPM) in ambient air. EPA:Cincinnati, 1999. – 7 p.
Betaattenuationmonitoring (BAM) is a widely used air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from...
for COVID-19 BAM, a ceramic alloy, aluminium magnesium boride Betaattenuationmonitoring, for measurement of particle content in gas flow Binary Alignment...
challenging monitoring positions, but the two piece design allows easier manipulation of the detector, and is commonly used for alpha and beta surface contamination...
and after sampling is determined by advancing the tape spot into the betaattenuation cell. The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) particulate...
with 17 dB/km attenuation by doping silica glass with titanium. A few years later they produced a fiber with only 4 dB/km attenuation using germanium...
on process monitoring or in radiological protection. Capsule sources, where the radiation effectively emits from a point, are used for beta, gamma and...
Shure's Beta series of microphones was introduced in 1989. Originally the Beta 58 was available as the Beta 58C (chrome grill) or the Beta 58M (matte...
often used, though it must have a low enough mass to minimize undue attenuation of the incident radiation being measured. The article on the photomultiplier...
involve such a prior. Attenuation correction: Quantitative PET Imaging requires attenuation correction. In these systems attenuation correction is based...
Island. It was observed by satellite, atmospheric monitoring equipment (a betaattenuationmonitor) at Auckland International Airport and by dust settling...
That June, a hacker discovered that FSD Beta had an undocumented mode which disables all driver monitoring. The NHTSA wrote a letter to Tesla under the...
menopause. Furthermore, estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and is useful in monitoring the treatment. Estrogen-producing...
evident frontally. Beta activity is closely linked to motor behavior and is generally attenuated during active movements. Low-amplitude beta with multiple...
A film badge dosimeter or film badge is a personal dosimeter used for monitoring cumulative radiation dose due to ionizing radiation. The badge consists...
was emitted from the nucleus together with the electron or beta particle in the process of beta decay and had a mass similar to the electron. James Chadwick...
be sufficient to substantially attenuate alpha radiation, while sheet metal or plastic is often sufficient to stop beta radiation. Barriers of lead, concrete...
signal. However the overall detector efficiency is largely affected by attenuation due to the window or tube body through which particles have to pass....
coupling to R L {\displaystyle R_{\text{L}}} , which results in less signal attenuation in the source impedance R S {\displaystyle R_{\text{S}}} as a consequence...
depth of photoacoustic microscopy is mainly limited by the ultrasonic attenuation. The spatial (i.e. axial and lateral) resolutions depend on the ultrasonic...
levels after treatment has produced an initial normalization, continued monitoring is required to determine if further treatment is necessary. If a person...
The second method is invasive blood pressure (IBP) monitoring, which allows beat to beat monitoring of blood pressure. This method is reserved for patients...
as being a rate of counts per unit time as registered by a radiation monitoring instrument, for which counts per minute (cpm) and counts per second (cps)...
gamma radiation is optimal, but the required mass to provide adequate attenuation makes functional movement nearly impossible. In the event of a radiation...
They have a high efficiency for beta, but lower for alpha. The efficiency reduction for alpha is due to the attenuation effect of the entry window, though...
to use muography as a monitoring tool for CCS. In 2018, a 2 month study supported the feasibility of CCS muography monitoring. It was completed in the...
people make a full recovery. High intake of provitamin carotenoids (such as beta-carotene) from vegetables and fruits does not cause hypervitaminosis A. Symptoms...