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The Beijing Consensus (Chinese: 北京共识) or China Model (Chinese: 中国模式), also known as the Chinese Economic Model,[1] is the political and economic policies of the People's Republic of China (PRC)[2] that began to be instituted by Deng Xiaoping after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. The policies are thought to have contributed to China's "economic miracle" and eightfold growth in gross national product over two decades.[3][4] In 2004, the phrase "Beijing Consensus" was coined by Joshua Cooper Ramo to frame China's economic development model as an alternative—especially for developing countries—to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies promoted by the IMF, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury.[5][6] In 2016, Ramo explained that the Beijing Consensus shows not that "every nation will follow China’s development model, but that it legitimizes the notion of particularity as opposed to the universality of a Washington model".[7]
The term's definition is not agreed upon. Ramo has detailed it as a pragmatic policy that uses innovation and experimentation to achieve "equitable, peaceful high-quality growth", and "defense of national borders and interests",[4] whereas other scholars have used it to refer to "stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth".[8]
Others criticize its vagueness, claiming that there is "no consensus as to what it stands for" other than being an alternative to the neoliberal Washington Consensus,[9] and that the term "is applied to anything that happens in Beijing, regardless of whether or not it has to do with a 'Chinese Model of Development,' or even with the People's Republic of China (PRC) per se".[10]
^Zhang, Jiakun Jack (15 April 2011). "Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power" (PDF). Duke University. hdl:10161/5383. Retrieved 28 January 2014. This paper represents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.
^Zhang Weiwei,
"The allure of the Chinese model" Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006.
^"Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.
^ abCite error: The named reference Ramo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?"
^Turin, Dustin R. (2010). "China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development". Student Pulse Academic Journal. 2 (1): 13.
^Maurits Elen (August 2016). "Interview: Joshua Cooper Ramo". The Diplomat.
^Kurlantzick, Joshua (23 January 2014). "The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 28, 2014. China's stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the "Beijing Consensus"—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife
^Cite error: The named reference salon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Dirlik was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The BeijingConsensus (Chinese: 北京共识) or China Model (Chinese: 中国模式), also known as the Chinese Economic Model, is the political and economic policies...
he published "The BeijingConsensus," which contrasted the Chinese model of economics and politics with western, "Washington Consensus" models. In 2011...
and discourages unwanted or unpleasant views." American imperialism BeijingConsensus Bretton Woods system Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
declared the BeijingConsensus, and they decided to establish the BRICS Universities League. The League Secretariat is located in Beijing Normal University...
that public trust in the consensus had declined due to the actions of the Democratic Progressive Party and Beijing. The consensus was described as "a historical...
development remains distinct from the BeijingConsensus with an export-led growth economy, and the Washington Consensus focused instead on encouraging the...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
State-sponsored capitalism American School (1790s–1970s), the American model BeijingConsensus, the Chinese model Economy of France (1945–1975), often known as Trente...
portal Bamboo network BeijingConsensus Central Financial Work Commission China Securities Regulatory Commission China Beijing Equity Exchange China Circle...
January 2002. Retrieved 3 Jul 2006. Twentieth Century China: Third Volume. Beijing, 1994. p. 430. Liu, Chang; Zhou, Li-An (7 January 2021) [2017-11-27]. "Radical...
disruption." There were talks of testing out the digital renminbi in the Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022, but China's overall timetable for rolling out...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
with respective interpretations refers to the interpretation of the 1992 Consensus asserted by the ROC's then-governing political party Kuomintang (KMT)...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
China Beijing 460,616.9 7,137.8 735,429.9 871,145 Electric power industry State-owned enterprise 2 4 China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 411,692...
Cuī Zhīyuán), born in Beijing in 1963, is a professor at the School of Public Policy and Management in Tsinghua University, Beijing, and a leading member...
Chinese government. His departure in December 2021, reportedly due to Beijing "strengthening the paper's political guidance", was (according to The Diplomat)...
Emigration Rural credit cooperative National economic initiatives BeijingConsensus Belt and Road Initiative Common prosperity Dual circulation Go Out...
and Regime Transition. Singapore EAI. p. 81. Huang, Ping (2005). 'BeijingConsensus' or 'Chinese Experiences' or what?. p. 6. "India is not a nation-state...
Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy BeijingConsensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and...
except Tibet and were connected to a central processing system in the Beijing headquarters of the State Statistical Bureau. Pretests and small scale...
government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing dynasty general, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nationalist government under the...
Movement in 1919, during which a protest began with 3,000 students in Beijing displaying their anger at the announcement of the Versailles Treaty's concessions...