The Washington Consensus is a set of ten economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and United States Department of the Treasury.[1] The term was first used in 1989 by English economist John Williamson.[2] The prescriptions encompassed free-market promoting policies such as trade liberalization, privatization and finance liberalization.[3][4] They also entailed fiscal and monetary policies intended to minimize fiscal deficits and minimize inflation.[4]
Subsequent to Williamson's use of the terminology, and despite his emphatic opposition, the phrase Washington Consensus has come to be used fairly widely in a second, broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards a strongly market-based approach (sometimes described as market fundamentalism or neoliberalism). In emphasizing the magnitude of the difference between the two alternative definitions, Williamson has argued[a] that his ten original, narrowly defined prescriptions have largely acquired the status of "motherhood and apple pie" (i.e., are broadly taken for granted), whereas the subsequent broader definition, representing a form of neoliberal manifesto, "never enjoyed a consensus [in Washington] or anywhere much else" and can reasonably be said to be dead.
Discussion of the Washington Consensus has long been contentious. Partly this reflects a lack of agreement over what is meant by the term, but there are also substantive differences over the merits and consequences of the policy prescriptions involved. Some critics take issue with the original Consensus's emphasis on the opening of developing countries to the global marketplace and transitioning to an emerging market in what they see as an excessive focus on strengthening the influence of domestic market forces, arguably at the expense of governance which will affect key functions of the state. For other commentators, the issue is more what is missing, including such areas as institution-building and targeted efforts to improve opportunities for the weakest in society through equal opportunity, social justice and poverty reduction.
^Williamson, John: "What Washington Means by Policy Reform" Archived November 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, in: Williamson, John (ed.): Latin American Readjustment: How Much has Happened, Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics 1989.
^"Washington Consensus". Center for International Development | Harvard Kennedy School of Government. April 2003. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^Babb, Sarah; Kentikelenis, Alexander (2021). "Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change". Annual Review of Sociology. 47 (1): annurev–soc–090220-025543. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090220-025543. ISSN 0360-0572. S2CID 235585418. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
^ abWilliamson, John (2008), Serra, Narcís; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (eds.), "A Short History of the Washington Consensus" (PDF), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered (1 ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 14–30, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-953408-1, archived from the original on March 20, 2017
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