Minimal metabolic regulation to retain ambient core body temperature
Endothermic organisms known as homeotherms maintain internal temperatures with minimal metabolic regulation within a range of ambient temperatures called the thermal neutral zone (TNZ). Within the TNZ the basal rate of heat production is equal to the rate of heat loss to the environment. Homeothermic organisms adjust to the temperatures within the TNZ through different responses requiring little energy.
Environmental temperatures can cause fluctuations in a homeothermic organism's metabolic rate. This response is due to the energy required to maintain a relatively constant body temperature above ambient temperature by controlling heat loss and heat gain.[1] The degree of this response depends not only on the species, but also on the levels of insulative and metabolic adaptation.[2] Environmental temperatures below the TNZ, the lower critical temperature (LCT), require an organism to increase its metabolic rate to meet the environmental demands for heat.[3] The Regulation about the TNZ requires metabolic heat production when the LCT is reached, as heat is lost to the environment. The organism reaches the LCT when the Ta (ambient temp.) decreases.
When an organism reaches this stage the metabolic rate increases significantly and thermogenesis increases the Tb (body temp.) If the Ta continues to decrease far below the LCT hypothermia occurs. Alternatively, evaporative heat loss for cooling occurs when temperatures above the TNZ, the upper critical zone (UCT), are realized (Speakman and Keijer 2013). When the Ta reaches too far above the UCT, the rate of heat gain and rate of heat production become higher than the rate of heat dissipation (heat loss through evaporative cooling), resulting in hyperthermia.
It can show postural changes where it changes its body shape or moves and exposes different areas to the sun/shade, and through radiation, convection and conduction, heat exchange occurs. Vasomotor responses allow control of the flow of blood between the periphery and the core to control heat loss from the surface of the body. Lastly, the organism can show insulation adjustments; a common example being "goosebumps" in humans where hair follicles are raised by pilomotor muscles, also shown in animals' pelage and plumage.[4]
^Rohrig, Brian (October 2013). "Chilling Out, Warming Up: How Animals Survive Temperature Extremes". American Chemical Society. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^Mount, L.E. (September 1971). "Metabolic rate and thermal insulation in albino and hairless mice". The Journal of Physiology. 217 (2): 315–326. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009573. PMC 1331779. PMID 5097602.
^Rasmussen and Brander (1972). "Standard Metabolic Rate and Lower Critical Temperature for the Ruffed Grouse" (PDF). Searchable Ornithological Research Archive. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^D. Randall, W. Burggren, K. French. Eckert animal physiology 2001 W.H Freeman
and 26 Related for: Thermal neutral zone information
metabolic regulation within a range of ambient temperatures called the thermalneutralzone (TNZ). Within the TNZ the basal rate of heat production is equal...
sunlight. Human body temperature Innate heat Insect thermoregulation Thermalneutralzone Thermoregulation in birds "Global Warming: Future Temperatures Could...
are considered uncomfortable to many people. Thermal neutrality Thermal neutrality (thermalneutralzone) is the temperature range where it is neither...
heat loss. At ambient temperatures below their body temperatures (thermalneutralzone (TNZ)), common ostriches decrease body surface temperatures so that...
TNZ can refer to: tinidazole, an anti-parasitic drug the thermalneutralzone, the temperature range that a warm-blooded organism can tolerate the country...
to high altitudes would have lower metabolic rates and a larger thermalneutralzone. Therefore, the Amethyst Sunbird can change its physiology in response...
A thermocline (also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes) is a distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid (e.g...
processes may decrease but will continue to function. This is called the thermalneutralzone at which an organism can survive indefinitely. H.M. Vernon has done...
blood to the lungs. At high altitudes, some rodents even shift their thermalneutralzone so they may maintain normal basal metabolic rate at colder temperatures...
northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near...
expenditure increases when ambient temperature is above or below the thermalneutralzone (the range of ambient temperature in which energy expenditure is...
adaptations have allowed the Griffon vulture to have one of the widest thermalneutralzones of any bird. Griffon vultures have shown no age difference in their...
in temperatures as high as 42.5 °C. A. russatus does not have a thermalneutralzone, but shows lowest oxygen consumption at 30 °C. However, one population...
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses subjective satisfaction with the thermal environment. The human body can be viewed as a heat engine...
torpor, (i.e. either daily or in the cold). Body temperature in the thermalneutralzone is lower than in other small mammals. Efficient renal function effectively...
a second dredge-up but dredge-ups following thermal pulses will still be called a third dredge-up. Thermal pulses increase rapidly in strength after the...
interchangeable with neutral temperature in the scientific literature, which can be calculated through regression analysis between thermal sensation votes...
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage, is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several...
neutral determines the earthing system. There are five types of neutral earthing: Solid-earthed neutral Unearthed neutral Resistance-earthed neutral Low-resistance...
spring of water whose temperature is greater than 21 °C (70 °F) a type of thermal spring whose water temperature is usually 6 to 8 °C (11 to 14 °F) or more...
A solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight. The term "solar collector" commonly refers to a device for solar hot water heating, but...
maps. Differences in static pressure arise from global and microclimate thermal phenomena and create the air flow we call wind. Dynamic pressure is the...
SPVs: Bara Thermal Power Project, Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited (Tehsil - Bara, Distt. Allahabad) - 3 x 660 MW Tanda thermal power plant...
composition neutral glass has a high resistance against temperature shocks and the highest hydrolytic resistance. Against acid and neutral solutions it...
Global Information