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The history of autism spans over a century;[1] autism has been subject to varying treatments, being pathologized or being viewed as a beneficial part of human neurodiversity.[2] The understanding of autism has been shaped by cultural, scientific, and societal factors, and its perception and treatment change over time as scientific understanding of autism develops.[3]
The term autism was first introduced by Eugen Bleuler in his description of schizophrenia in 1911.[1] The diagnosis of schizophrenia was broader than its modern equivalent; autistic children were often diagnosed with childhood schizophrenia.[4] The earliest research that focused on children who would today be considered autistic was conducted by Grunya Sukhareva starting in the 1920s.[5] In the 1930s and 1940s, Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner described two related syndromes, later termed infantile autism and Asperger syndrome. Kanner thought that the condition he had described might be distinct from schizophrenia,[4][1] and in the following decades, research into what would become known as autism accelerated.[1] Formally, however, autistic children continued to be diagnosed under various terms related to schizophrenia in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD),[4] but by the early 1970s, it had become more widely recognized that autism and schizophrenia were in fact distinct mental disorders,[4] and in 1980, this was formalized for the first time with new diagnostic categories in the DSM-III.[6] Asperger syndrome was introduced to the DSM as a formal diagnosis in 1994, but in 2013, Asperger syndrome and infantile autism were reunified into a single diagnostic category, autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[6]
Autistic individuals often struggle with understanding non-verbal social cues and emotional sharing. The development of the web has given many autistic people a way to form online communities, work remotely, and attend school remotely which can directly benefit those experiencing communicating typically. Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.[7][8][9]
Although the rise of organizations and charities relating to advocacy for autistic people and their caregiver and efforts to destigmatize ASD have affected how ASD is viewed,[10] Autistic individuals and their caregivers continue to experience social stigma in situations where autistic peoples' behaviour is thought of negatively[11] and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express beliefs consistent with outdated autism research.[12]
The discussion of autism has brought about much controversy. Without researchers being able to meet a consensus on the varying forms of the condition, there was for a time a lack of research being conducted on what is now classed as autism.[13][14][15] Discussing the syndrome and its complexity frustrated researchers. Controversies have surrounded various claims regarding the etiology of autism.
^ abcdCite error: The named reference Evans 3–31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Manouilenko I, Bejerot S (August 2015). "Sukhareva--Prior to Asperger and Kanner". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 69 (6) (published March 31, 2015): 479–482. doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022. PMID 25826582. S2CID 207473133.
^ abCite error: The named reference :48 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Silverman C (2008). "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties. 3 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236. S2CID 145379758.
^Harmon A (December 20, 2004). "How about not 'curing' us, some autistics are pleading". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
^Botha, Monique; Cage, Eilidh (2022). ""Autism research is in crisis": A mixed method study of researcher's constructions of autistic people and autism research". Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050897. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9730396. PMID 36506950.
^Cite error: The named reference Wolff was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Chambres P, Auxiette C, Vansingle C, Gil S (August 2008). "Adult attitudes toward behaviors of a six-year-old boy with autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 38 (7): 1320–1327. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0519-5. PMID 18297387. S2CID 19769173.
^Heidgerken AD, Geffken G, Modi A, Frakey L (June 2005). "A survey of autism knowledge in a health care setting". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3298-x. PMID 16119473. S2CID 2015723.
^Evans, Bonnie (2013). "How autism became autism". History of the Human Sciences. 26 (3): 3–31. doi:10.1177/0952695113484320. ISSN 0952-6951. PMC 3757918. PMID 24014081.
^"The history of autism". www.autism.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
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