Global InformationAmantadine information
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| Trade names | Gocovri, Symadine, Symmetrel, others |
| Other names | 1-Adamantylamine |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682064 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Bioavailability | 86–90%[1] |
| Protein binding | 67%[1] |
| Metabolism | Minimal (mostly to acetyl metabolites)[1] |
| Elimination half-life | 10–31 hours[1] |
| Excretion | Urine[1] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.011.092 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H17N |
| Molar mass | 151.253 g·mol−1 |
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| Melting point | 180 °C (356 °F) [6] |
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Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance.[7][8] It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist.[9][1] The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).[10][11]
Amantadine was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After its antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976.[12] In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended-release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.[13]
Amantadine has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, and confusion.[14] Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. Given that it is cleared by the kidneys, amantadine is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease.[5] Due to its anticholinergic effects, it should be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma.[15]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Symmetrel (amantadine hydrochloride)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Limited. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
- ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ "Trilasym 50 mg/ 5 ml Oral Solution – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gocovri FDA labelwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Gocovri- amantadine capsule, coated pellets". DailyMed. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.524. ISBN 9781498754293.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CDC_2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
WHO_2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Golan DE, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW (2017). Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 142, 199, 205t, 224t, 608, 698–700. ISBN 9781451191004. OCLC 914593652.
- ^ James SH, Whitley RJ (2017). "Influenza Viruses". Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. pp. 1465–1471.e1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00172-6. ISBN 978-0-7020-6285-8.
- ^ Balgi AD, Wang J, Cheng DY, Ma C, Pfeifer TA, Shimizu Y, et al. (1 February 2013). Bouvier NM (ed.). "Inhibitors of the influenza A virus M2 proton channel discovered using a high-throughput yeast growth restoration assay". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e55271. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855271B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055271. PMC 3562233. PMID 23383318.
- ^ Hubsher G, Haider M, Okun MS (April 2012). "Amantadine: the journey from fighting flu to treating Parkinson disease". Neurology. 78 (14): 1096–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824e8f0d. PMID 22474298. S2CID 21515610.
- ^ Hauser RA, Lytle J, Formella AE, Tanner CM (March 2022). "Amantadine delayed release/extended release capsules significantly reduce OFF time in Parkinson's disease". npj Parkinson's Disease. 8 (1): 29. doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00291-1. PMC 8933492. PMID 35304480.
- ^ Chang C, Ramphul K (2020). "Amantadine". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29763128. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ "Symmetrel (Amantadine Hydrochloride, USP) fact sheet" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 July 2019.