Compulsive performance of repetitive, mechanical tasks
Punding, a possible symptom of dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS), is the repetition of complex motor behaviours such as collecting or arranging objects.
Punding is compulsive performance of repetitive, mechanical tasks, such as assembling and disassembling, collecting, or sorting objects. It can also apply to digital objects, such as computer files and data. The term was originally coined to describe complex, prolonged, purposeless, and stereotyped behaviour in phenmetrazine and chronic amphetamine users, by Swedish forensic psychiatrist G. Rylander, in 1968.[1] It was later described in Parkinson's disease,[2][3] but mainly in cases of patients being treated with dopaminergic drugs.[4] It has also been described in methamphetamine and cocaine users, as well as in some patients with gambling addictions, and hypersexuality.[5]
For example, punding may consist of activities such as collecting pebbles and lining them up as perfectly as possible; disassembling and reassembling wristwatches; or conducting extended monologues devoid of context.[6]
People engaging in punding find immersion in such activities comforting, even when it serves no purpose, and generally find it very frustrating to be diverted from them. They are not generally aware that there is a compulsive element, but will continue even when they have good reason to stop. Rylander describes a burglar who started punding and could not stop, even though he was suffering from an increasing apprehension of being caught.[7] Interrupting can lead to various responses, including anger or rage, sometimes to the point of violence.[8]
^Sjöqvist, Folke; Tottie, Malcolm, eds. (26 November 1968). Clinical and Medico-criminological aspects of addiction to Central Stimulating Drugs. Abuse of Central Stimulants: Symposium Arranged by the Swedish Committee on International Health Relations, Stockholm, November 25–27, 1968. Vol. III. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Committee on International Health Relations/Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 257. OCLC 490394292.
^Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Evans, Andrew H.; Katzenschlager, Regina; Lees, Andrew J. (1 December 2006). "Punding and dyskinesias". Movement Disorders. 21 (12): 2214–2217. doi:10.1002/mds.21118. PMID 17013916. S2CID 38887798.
^Evans, Andrew H.; Katzenschlager, Regina; Paviour, Dominic; O'Sullivan, John D.; Appel, Silke; Lawrence, Andrew D.; Lees, Andrew J. (1 April 2004). "Punding in Parkinson's disease: Its relation to the dopamine dysregulation syndrome". Movement Disorders. 19 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1002/mds.20045. PMID 15077237. S2CID 23886073. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^Fasano, A.; Petrovic, I. (21 May 2010). "Insights into pathophysiology of punding reveal possible treatment strategies" (PDF). Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (6). Nature Publishing Group: 560–573. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.95. ISSN 1359-4184. PMID 20489735. S2CID 19014068. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^Graham, Noni A.; Hammond, Christopher J.; Gold, Mark S. (1 September 2009). "Drug-Induced Compulsive Behaviors: Exceptions to the Rule". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (9): 846–847. doi:10.4065/84.9.846. ISSN 0025-6196. LCCN sc78001722. OCLC 00822709. PMC 2735437. PMID 19720785. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^Oliveira, Matheus; Oliveira, João R.; Gomes da Cunha, José E. (1 July 2013). "Punding as a Transient Symptom in a Patient With an Early-Onset Form of Dementia". Neuropsychiatry. 25 (3): E08–E10. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11120356. PMID 24026724.
^Grinspoon, Lester; Hedblom, Peter (1976) [1975]. "4. Further pscyhological effects". The speed culture: Amphetamine use and abuse in America. Harvard Paperbacks Series. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780674831926. LCCN 74027257. OCLC 164685037. Retrieved 8 October 2021 – via Google Books.
^Moore, Elaine A.; et al. (Foreword by K. Scott Pacer) (10 January 2014) [2010]. "Eight: Short and Long Term Adverse Effects of Psychostimulants". The Amphetamine Debate: The Use of Adderall, Ritalin and Related Drugs for Behavior Modification, Neuroenhancement and Anti-Aging Purposes. McFarland Health Topics. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina, United States of America: McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786480128. OCLC 690209542. Retrieved 8 October 2021 – via Google Books.
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