Allergic inflammation is an important pathophysiological feature of several disabilities or medical conditions including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and several ocular allergic diseases. Allergic reactions may generally be divided into two components; the early phase reaction, and the late phase reaction. While the contribution to the development of symptoms from each of the phases varies greatly between diseases, both are usually present and provide us a framework for understanding allergic disease.[1][2][3][4]
The early phase of the allergic reaction typically occurs within minutes, or even seconds, following allergen exposure and is also commonly referred to as the immediate allergic reaction or as a Type I allergic reaction.[5] The reaction is caused by the release of histamine and mast cell granule proteins by a process called degranulation, as well as the production of leukotrienes, prostaglandins and cytokines, by mast cells following the cross-linking of allergen specific IgE molecules bound to mast cell FcεRI receptors.[3] These mediators affect nerve cells causing itching,[6] smooth muscle cells causing contraction (leading to the airway narrowing seen in allergic asthma),[4] goblet cells causing mucus production,[1] and endothelial cells causing vasodilatation and edema.[6]
The late phase of a Type 1 reaction (which develops 8–12 hours and is mediated by mast cells)[5] should not be confused with delayed hypersensitivity Type IV allergic reaction (which takes 48–72 hours to develop and is mediated by T cells).[7] The products of the early phase reaction include chemokines and molecules that act on endothelial cells and cause them to express Intercellular adhesion molecule (such as vascular cell adhesion molecule and selectins), which together result in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes from the blood into the site of the allergic reaction.[3] Typically, the infiltrating cells observed in allergic reactions contain a high proportion of lymphocytes, and especially, of eosinophils. The recruited eosinophils will degranulate releasing a number of cytotoxic molecules (including Major Basic Protein and eosinophil peroxidase) as well as produce a number of cytokines such as IL-5.[8] The recruited T-cells are typically of the Th2 variety and the cytokines they produce lead to further recruitment of mast cells and eosinophils, and in plasma cell isotype switching to IgE which will bind to the mast cell FcεRI receptors and prime the individual for further allergic responses.
^ abFireman P (2003). "Understanding asthma pathophysiology". Allergy Asthma Proc. 24 (2): 79–83. PMID 12776439.
^Leung DY (1998). "Molecular basis of allergic diseases". Mol. Genet. Metab. 63 (3): 157–67. doi:10.1006/mgme.1998.2682. PMID 9608537.
^ abcHansen I, Klimek L, Mösges R, Hörmann K (2004). "Mediators of inflammation in the early and the late phase of allergic rhinitis". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 4 (3): 159–63. doi:10.1097/00130832-200406000-00004. PMID 15126935.
^ abKatelaris CH (2003). "Ocular allergy: implications for the clinical immunologist". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 90 (6 Suppl 3): 23–7. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61656-0. PMID 12839109.
^ abJaneway, Charles (2001). Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease (5th ed.). New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
Allergicinflammation is an important pathophysiological feature of several disabilities or medical conditions including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis...
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the white part of the eye) due to allergy. Although allergens differ...
Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts...
well as a stuffy nose and post-nasal drip. In the case of allergic rhinitis, the inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose...
causes of allergic reactions, known as contact dermatitis or eczema. Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the...
include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others. When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents...
via small orifices called ostia. These become blocked easily by allergicinflammation, or by swelling in the nasal lining that occurs with a cold. If...
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance;...
substances cause allergicinflammation of a patient's skin. Patch testing helps identify which substances may be causing a delayed-type allergic reaction in...
of neighbouring eye structures. It may suffer from lesions and allergicinflammation. The lacrimal caruncle is found at the medial canthus of the eye...
cause an immune response in everyone. An allergic response may cause harmful symptoms such as itching or inflammation or tissue injury. Allergies are an abnormal...
Contact dermatitis is a type of acute or chronic inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. Symptoms of contact dermatitis...
polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly known as allergic granulomatosis, is an extremely rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood...
demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation. Non-immune diseases...
brand name Xolair, is an injectable medication to treat severe persistent allergic forms of asthma, nasal polyps, urticaria (hives), and immunoglobulin E-mediated...
hyperresponsiveness, fibrosis and chitinase up-regulation. It is a mediator of allergicinflammation and different diseases including asthma. IL-13 has effects on immune...
Nakanishi K (December 2010). "Basophils as APC in Th2 response in allergicinflammation and parasite infection". Current Opinion in Immunology. 22 (6):...
Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin, typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters...
other Th2 cytokines, is involved in the airway inflammation observed in the lungs of patients with allergic asthma. IL-4 plays an important role in the development...
mast-cell-derived allergicinflammation in vitro and vivo, suggesting it may have possible uses in allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma...
responses via IgD expression can potentiate autoimmune diseases and allergicinflammation, a 2010 study by Nguyen TG et al. has first demonstrated that treatments...
Cheilitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lips. The inflammation may include the perioral skin (the skin around the mouth)...
Paraphenylenediamine may be added to henna but is not found in pure henna. Allergicinflammation Elimination diet Food intolerance Oral allergy syndrome Sweat allergy...
disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation. Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels) is sometimes considered...
antihistamine medication used to treat hives (urticaria), allergic rhinitis and itchy inflamed eyes (allergic conjunctivitis) caused by an allergy. It is a second-generation...
Global Information