The Abwehr (German for resistance or defence, though the word usually means counterintelligence in a military context; pronounced[ˈapveːɐ̯]) was the German military-intelligence service for the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.[1][a] Although the 1919 Treaty of Versailles prohibited the Weimar Republic from establishing an intelligence organization of their own,[b] they formed an espionage group in 1920 within the Ministry of Defence, calling it the Abwehr.[c] The initial purpose of the Abwehr was defense against foreign espionage: an organizational role that later evolved considerably.[4] Under General Kurt von Schleicher (prominent in running the Reichswehr from 1926 onwards) the individual military services' intelligence units were combined and, in 1929, centralized under Schleicher's Ministeramt within the Ministry of Defence, forming the foundation for the more commonly understood manifestation of the Abwehr.
Each Abwehr station throughout Germany was based on the local army district (Wehrkreis); more offices opened in amenable neutral countries and (as the greater Reich expanded) in the occupied territories.[5] On 4 February 1938, the Ministry of Defence—renamed the Ministry of War in 1935—was dissolved and became the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) with Hitler in direct command.[6] The OKW formed part of the Führer's personal "working staff" from June 1938 and the Abwehr became its intelligence agency under Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Canaris.[7][d] The Abwehr had its headquarters at 76/78 Tirpitzufer (the present-day Reichpietschufer) in Berlin, adjacent to the offices of the OKW.[e]
^Holmes 2009, p. 2.
^Paine 1984, p. 7.
^Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, p. 2.
^Dear & Foot 1995, p. 1.
^Taylor & Shaw 1997, p. 11.
^Newsome 2014, pp. 950–951.
^Taylor 1995, p. 165.
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