Elections to the 9th All-Russian Congress of Soviets were held in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the spring of 1921 (not to be confused with the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). They were the second elections in the history of the Soviet government, with the first such election in 1919, also to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, not including one to the Petrograd Soviet in 1917, before the last stage of the Russian Revolution.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] There was some tension that year because of the revolt of sailors in the Kronstadt rebellion, actions of the Workers Opposition and monarchists, recent failure of a "communist uprising" in Germany (so called March Action), all while the fierce Russian Civil War continued unabated.[11][12][13][14]
As the Bolshevik party, later called the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was reshaped by the elections, the Soviet government felt pressured to take action, so it attempted to welcome foreign investments with agreements of cooperation with Great Britain, Persia, and Afghanistan, nationalized of mosques in Crimea and began to implement the New Economic Policy or NEP.[15][16][17][18] While the foreign policy efforts by Soviet Russia led to increased recognition internationally, other efforts faltered. The following year, the Soviet Union would be formed with the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the All-Union Congress of Soviets would serve as the unicameral legislature for the whole Soviet state, a position it would occupy until 1938 when the Supreme Soviet of Russia would be created.
^Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 31, 88, 128, 132, 193.
^The village and volost Soviet elections of 1919.
^Nikolai Bukharin of the Russian People's Commissary, "Soviets or Parliament," 1919.
^Amadeo Bordiga, The System of Communist Representation, May 1919.
^Mary McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd 1917-1922.
^USSR: Communist Party: 1917-1919.
^Joseph Stalin, "Results of the Petrograd Municipal Elections," June 15, 1917.
^The New York Times, "END OF THE SOVIET UNION; Gorbachev's Six Tumultuous Years at Soviet Helm," December 26, 1991.
^Rasma Karklins, "Soviet Elections Revisited: Voter Abstention in Noncompetitive Voting."
^Jonathan Smele,The Russian Revolution and Civil War 1917-1921: An Annotated Bibliography, London: Continuum, 2003, p. 143, 155, 378, 391, 428, 518.
^Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1999. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 23.
^Voline, The Unknown Revolution, 1917-1921, New York: Black Rose Books, 1990, p. 481.
^Martin Mccauley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, New York: Routledge, 2013, reprint, p. 52-53, 58, 60, 62, 64, 88-90, 91, 118, 123, 131, 482, 484, 488.
^The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917–1921: Documents, ed. Martin McCauley, London: MacMillan Press, 1980, reprint, p. xxii, xxx, 13, 19, 21, 63, 66, 68, 113, 116, 179, 311.
^L.S. Srivastava and V.P. Joshi, "International Relations: From 1914 to the Present Day", India: Goel Publishing House, 2005, Ninth Edition, p. 148.
^Martin Mccauley, The Soviet Union 1917-1991, New York: Routledge, 1993, Second Edition, p. 40.
^Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States, ed. Michael Kemper, Raoul Motika, and Stefan Reichmuth, New York: Routledge, 2010, p. 80.
^Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite, New York: Routledge, 2008, p. 8
and 26 Related for: 1921 Russian Supreme Soviet election information
Elections to the 9th All-Russian Congress of Soviets were held in the RussianSoviet Federative Socialist Republic in the spring of 1921 (not to be confused...
Legislative elections were held in the Russian SFSR in March 1990 as part of the regional elections across the Soviet Union. The first round was held...
SupremeSovietelections were held in the Russian SFSR on 18 February 1951, as part of regional elections across the Soviet Union. The elections took place...
Elections to the SupremeSoviet of the RSFSR were held on 24 February 1985, along with elections to Soviets in the rest of the Republics of the USSR....
The RussianSoviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Rossiyskaya...
10th Russian Communist Party Congress 1921 Mari wildfires 1921RussianSupremeSovietelection1921–22 famine in Tatarstan 5×5=25 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement...
Legislative elections were held in the RussianSoviet Federative Socialist Republic on 26 June 1938, the first after the establishment of the Soviet Union....
February – 17 March 1921), also known as the Georgian–Soviet War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia, was a military campaign by the RussianSoviet Red Army aimed...
The SupremeSoviet of the Azerbaijan SSR, later renamed as the SupremeSoviet of the Azerbaijan Republic from 1991 until its abolition in 1995, was the...
the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the SupremeSoviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet...
the election of the SupremeSoviet of Russia's Congress of People's Deputies of Russia lower chamber members in the 1990 Russian legislative election, communist...
The Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Russian: Абхазская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Abkhazskaya Avtonomnaya...
The modern history of Russia began with the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union gaining more political and economical autonomy amidst the imminent dissolution...
Elections to the SupremeSoviet of the RSFSR were held on 9 February 1947. Абдулхакова, Ксения (2 April 2019). "Главным в 1947 году стал призыв «Все –...
under Gorbachev, reformists led in Russia by Boris Yeltsin and controlling the newly elected SupremeSoviet of the Russian SFSR, and communist hardliners...
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, proclaiming the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets the new governing body of Russia. The 1917 Russian Constituent...
determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and later the Soviet Union in most...
Elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly were held on 25 November 1917, although some districts had polling on alternate days, around two months after...
1991. In May 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued decrees forming the Russian Armed Forces, which subsumed much of the Soviet Armed Forces. Multiple...
of SovietRussia and the Soviet Union (USSR) reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world. Though the terms "SovietRussia" and "Soviet Union"...
The SupremeSoviet of the Byelorussian SSR (Belarusian: Вярхоўны Савет Беларускай ССР, Vyarkhowny Savyet Byelaruskay SSR; Russian: Верховный Совет Белорусской...
involving the Soviet Union (30 December 1922 – 26 December 1991). Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian FederationPages...
Party of Russia 2019 national electoral calendar Elections in the Soviet Union Electoral system Russian opposition Red Belt (Russia) Russian Republic...
Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen...
March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with Nursultan Nazarbayev, the chairman of the SupremeSoviet elected as its first president. Later that...
in the Soviet Union and Post-SovietRussia. Routledge. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-0415838115. Russian Federation, the Russian Federation's National Report Prepared...