Global InformationHistory of the Russian Federation information
Russian Federation Российская Федерация | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991–present | |||||||||
  Top: Flag (1954–91)
Bottom: Flag (1993–)   Top: Emblem
(1992–93) Bottom: Coat of arms (1993–) | |||||||||
| Anthem: Патриотическая песня Patrioticheskaya pesnya "The Patriotic Song" (1991–2000) Государственный гимн Российской Федерации Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" (2000–present) | |||||||||
![Russian territory since the 2022 annexation of Ukrainian territory on the globe, with unrecognised territory shown in light green.[a]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg/250px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Annexed_Territories_disputed.svg.png) Russian territory since the 2022 annexation of Ukrainian territory on the globe, with unrecognised territory shown in light green.[a] | |||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E | ||||||||
| Official language and national language | Russian[3] | ||||||||
| Recognised national languages | See Languages of Russia | ||||||||
| Ethnic groups (2010)[4] |
| ||||||||
| Religion (2017)[5] |
| ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Russian | ||||||||
| Government | Federal presidential republic (1991–1992) Federal semi-presidential republic (1992–1993) under rule by decree (Sep–Dec 1993) Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[6] (1993–present) under an authoritarian dictatorship (2014–present) | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1991–1999 | Boris Yeltsin | ||||||||
• 1999–2008 | Vladimir Putin | ||||||||
• 2008–2012 | Dmitry Medvedev | ||||||||
• 2012–present | Vladimir Putin | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1991–1992 | Boris Yeltsin (first) | ||||||||
• 2020–present | Mikhail Mishustin (current) | ||||||||
| Legislature | Supreme Soviet (1991–1993) Constitutional Conference (Oct–Dec 1993) Federal Assembly (1993–present) | ||||||||
• Upper house | Soviet of Nationalities (1991–1993) Federation Council (1993–present) | ||||||||
• Lower house | Soviet of the Republic (1991–1993) State Duma (1993–present) | ||||||||
| Independence from the Soviet Union | |||||||||
• RSFSR sovereignty | 12 June 1990 | ||||||||
• Yeltsin inaugurated | 10 July 1991 | ||||||||
• Renamed | 25 December 1991 | ||||||||
• USSR dissolves | 26 December 1991 | ||||||||
• Current constitution | 12 December 1993 | ||||||||
• Second Chechen War | 7 August 1999 – 30 April 2000 | ||||||||
• Union State formed | 8 December 1999 | ||||||||
• Russo-Georgian War | 7–12 August 2008 | ||||||||
• Crimea annexed | 18 March 2014 | ||||||||
• Last amendments | 4 July 2020 | ||||||||
• Russian invasion of Ukraine | 24 February 2022 - Present | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)[7] 17,125,200 km2 (including Crimea)[8] (1st) | ||||||||
• Water (%) | 13[9] (including swamps) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 2022 estimate |
| ||||||||
• Density | 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (181st) | ||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2021 estimate | ||||||||
• Total |  $4.365 trillion[11] (6th) | ||||||||
• Per capita | $30,013[11] (55th) | ||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate | ||||||||
• Total | $1.829 trillion[11] (11th) | ||||||||
• Per capita | $12,575[11] (64th) | ||||||||
| Gini (2018) |  36.0[12]medium (98th) | ||||||||
| HDI (2019) | 0.824[13] very high (52nd) | ||||||||
| Currency | Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) | ||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+2 to +12 | ||||||||
| Driving side | right | ||||||||
| Calling code | +7 | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | RU | ||||||||
| Internet TLD |
| ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Russia | ||||||||
| History of Russia |
|---|
 |
 Russia portal |
The modern history of Russia began with the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union gaining more political and economical autonomy amidst the imminent dissolution of the USSR during 1988–1991, proclaiming its sovereignty inside the Union in June 1990, and electing its first President Boris Yeltsin a year later. The Russian SFSR (Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) was the largest republic of the Soviet Union, but it had no significant independence before, being the only Soviet republic to not have its own branch of the Communist Party.
The RSFSR was the largest of the fifteen republics that made up the USSR, accounting for over 60% of its GDP and over 50% of its population. Russians also dominated the Soviet military and the Communist Party. As such, the Russian Federation was widely accepted as the USSR's successor state in diplomatic affairs and it assumed the USSR's permanent membership and veto in the UN Security Council (see Russia and the United Nations).
Prior to the dissolution of the USSR, Yeltsin had been elected President of the RSFSR in June 1991 in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. This ensured that he would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution. This situation resulted in political turmoil as the Soviet and Russian leadership wrestled for control, which culminated in the 1991 August coup, where the Soviet military attempted to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev. Although the coup was ultimately averted, this situation contributed to rising instability in the Soviet Union. As the USSR was on the verge of collapse by October 1991, Yeltsin announced that Russia would proceed with radical reforms, including shock therapy policies to introduce capitalism. This caused a sustained economic recession, and GDP per capita levels eventually returned to their 1991 levels by the mid-2000s. Following Yeltsin's resignation in 1999, Russia's politics have since been dominated by Vladimir Putin, serving as either President or Prime Minister. Although the Russian economy has improved significantly under Putin's leadership following relative economic chaos under Yeltsin, Putin has also been widely accused of corruption, authoritarian leadership, and widespread human rights abuses.
For the most part, the Russian armed forces were in near complete disarray by 1992, one year after dissolution. This degraded military effectiveness would become all too clear during the 1994 Chechen War, and in the interim posed significant practical challenges for global security and arms control. Under Russian leadership, the Lisbon Protocol ensured that former Soviet republics would disarm themselves of nuclear weapons. This affected Kazakhstan in particular, as it hosted a significant share of the world's nuclear weapons immediately following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[14] However, the former Soviet republics were able to maintain transnational cooperation in other military areas, like establishing shared responsibility for the rocket and space infrastructure such as the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
- ^ Taylor & Francis (2020). "Republic of Crimea". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-00706-7.
- ^ Pifer, Steven (17 March 2020). "Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Chevalier, Joan F. (2006). "Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation". Russian Language Journal. 56. American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS: 25–36. JSTOR 43669126.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
- ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- ^ "Russia - The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
- ^ "World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "Information about availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation as of 1 January 2017 (by federal subjects of Russia)" Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 1 January 2017 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации). Rosreestr.
- ^ "The Russian federation: general characteristics". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2008.
- ^ a b Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2022 года и в среднем за 2021 год [Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2022 and on the average for 2021] (XLS). Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation". World Bank. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ^ Kucera, Joshua (15 May 2013). "Why Did Kazakhstan Give Up Its Nukes?". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).