This article is about the historical German customs union. For the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in Essen, see Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex.
German Zollverein, 1834–1919
Prussia in 1834
Areas included until 1866
Austrian possessions outside the Zollverein
Borders of the 1828 German Confederation
The Zollverein (pronounced[ˈtsɔlfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪn]), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Organized by the 1833 Zollverein treaties, it formally started on 1 January 1834. However, its foundations had been in development from 1818 with the creation of a variety of custom unions among the German states. By 1866, the Zollverein included most of the German states. The Zollverein was not part of the German Confederation (1815-1866).
The foundation of the Zollverein was the first instance in history in which independent states consummated a full economic union without the simultaneous creation of a political federation or union.[1]
Prussia was the primary driver behind the creation of the customs union.[2] Austria was excluded from the Zollverein because of its highly protectionist trade policy, the unwillingness to split its customs territory into the separate Austrian, Hungarian and Galician-Lodomerian ones, as well as due to opposition of Prince von Metternich to the idea.[3] By the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867, the Zollverein covered states of approximately 425,000 square kilometres (164,000 sq mi), and had produced economic agreements with several non-German states, including Sweden–Norway. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, the Empire assumed the control of the customs union. However, not all states within the Empire were part of the Zollverein until 1888 (Hamburg for example). Conversely, though Luxembourg was a state independent of the German Empire, it remained in the Zollverein until 1919.[4]
^Arnold H. Price, The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideals and Institutions Leading to German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949) pp. 9–10.
^Ploeckl, Florian (2020). "A novel institution: the Zollverein and the origins of the customs union". Journal of Institutional Economics. 17 (2): 305–319. doi:10.1017/S1744137420000387. ISSN 1744-1374. S2CID 211238300.
^"Germany - The age of Metternich and the era of unification, 1815–71". Britannica.com.
^Harmsen, Robert; Högenauer, Anna-Lena (2020-02-28), "Luxembourg and the European Union", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1041, ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7, retrieved 2020-03-05
The Zollverein (pronounced [ˈtsɔlfɛɐ̯ˌʔaɪn]), or German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies...
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Zollverein. While most states joined the Zollverein sooner or later, the Austrian Empire never did until the German Confederation and the Zollverein broke...
aims for the Zollverein, 1828–1833". Historian. 53 (2): 285–302. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1991.tb00808.x. W. O. Henderson, The Zollverein (1959) is the...
with the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg in 1836. Hanover joined the Deutscher Zollverein (German Customs Union) in 1854, after negotiating advantageous conditions...
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Essen Zollverein Nord is a railway station situated in close proximity to the Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex on the Duisburg–Dortmund railway...
the former coal-washing facility in 2010. Coal mine Zollverein Shaft XII of ZollvereinZollverein entrance Ruhrmuseum Ruhrmuseum staircase The former...
city state of Hamburg to the German Customs Union, commonly known as Zollverein, in 1888 (along with Bremen) was the culmination of a project for the...
education, and linguistic unity. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other...
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Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
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Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
benefited greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (Zollverein), which included most German states but excluded Austria. In 1848 the...
German Customs Union (Zollverein) was formed among the majority of the states in 1834. In 1840 Hoffmann wrote a song about the Zollverein, also to Haydn's...
Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union (Zollverein). This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of...
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Unification Mediatisation Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848–1849 North German Confederation German Reich...
needed] In the states of the German Confederation founded in 1815 and the Zollverein founded in 1834, there was some call from private and economic interests...
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