Diagram showing the ionic concentration and potential difference as a function of distance from the charged surface of a particle suspended in a dispersion medium
Zeta potential is the electrical potential at the slipping plane. This plane is the interface which separates mobile fluid from fluid that remains attached to the surface.
Zeta potential is a scientific term for electrokinetic potential[1][2] in colloidal dispersions. In the colloidal chemistry literature, it is usually denoted using the Greek letter zeta (ζ), hence ζ-potential. The usual units are volts (V) or, more commonly, millivolts (mV). From a theoretical viewpoint, the zeta potential is the electric potential in the interfacial double layer (DL) at the location of the slipping plane relative to a point in the bulk fluid away from the interface. In other words, zeta potential is the potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to the dispersed particle.
The zeta potential is caused by the net electrical charge contained within the region bounded by the slipping plane, and also depends on the location of that plane. Thus, it is widely used for quantification of the magnitude of the charge. However, zeta potential is not equal to the Stern potential or electric surface potential in the double layer,[3][4][5][6] because these are defined at different locations. Such assumptions of equality should be applied with caution. Nevertheless, zeta potential is often the only available path for characterization of double-layer properties.
The zeta potential is an important and readily measurable indicator of the stability of colloidal dispersions. The magnitude of the zeta potential indicates the degree of electrostatic repulsion between adjacent, similarly charged particles in a dispersion. For molecules and particles that are small enough, a high zeta potential will confer stability, i.e., the solution or dispersion will resist aggregation. When the potential is small, attractive forces may exceed this repulsion and the dispersion may break and flocculate. So, colloids with high zeta potential (negative or positive) are electrically stabilized while colloids with low zeta potentials tend to coagulate or flocculate as outlined in the table.[7]
[A] pH-dependant ionisation of a weak acid [HA] and its conjugated base [A-] drawn using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation; [B] Ionisation and solubility of a pH-responsive polymer as a function of pH [C] A schematic showing the potential difference as a function of distance from the charged surface of a particle in a medium; [D] Dissolution mechanism of pH-responsive polymers reproduced with permission from. The encircled numbers in [D] represent (1) Diffusion of water and hydroxyl ions into the polymer matrix to form a gel layer, (2) Ionization of polymer chains in the gel layer, (3) Disentanglement of polymer chains out of the gel layer to the polymer-solution interface, (4) Further ionization of polymer chains at the polymer interface, (5) Diffusion of disentangled polymer chains away from the interface toward the bulk solution.[8]
Zeta potential can also be used for the pKa estimation of complex polymers that is otherwise difficult to measure accurately using conventional methods. This can help studying the ionisation behaviour of various synthetic and natural polymers under various conditions and can help in establishing standardised dissolution-pH thresholds for pH responsive polymers.[8]
Stability behaviour of a colloid depending on zeta potential[9]
Magnitude of Zeta potential (mV)
Stability behavior
0 to 5
Rapid coagulation or flocculation
10 to 30
Incipient instability
30 to 40
Moderate stability
40 to 60
Good stability
>61
Excellent stability
^IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "electrokinetic potential, ζ". doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01968
^"Colloidal systems – Methods for Zeta potential determination". ISO International Standard 13099, Parts 1,2 and 3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2012.
^Cite error: The named reference Lyklema1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference russel1992 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Dukhin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kirby BJ (2010). Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11903-0.[page needed]
^Hanaor D, Michelazzi M, Leonelli C, Sorrell CC (2012). "The effects of carboxylic acids on the aqueous dispersion and electrophoretic deposition of ZrO2". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 32 (1): 235–244. arXiv:1303.2754. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.08.015. S2CID 98812224.
^ abBarbosa JA, Abdelsadig MS, Conway BR, Merchant HA (December 2019). "Using zeta potential to study the ionisation behaviour of polymers employed in modified-release dosage forms and estimating their pKa". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1: 100024. doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100024. PMC 6733289. PMID 31517289.
^Kumar A, Dixit CK (2017). "Methods for characterization of nanoparticles". Advances in Nanomedicine for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. pp. 43–58. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100557-6.00003-1. ISBN 978-0-08-100557-6.
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