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Zajal (Arabic: زجل) is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect. The earliest recorded zajal poet was the poet Ibn Quzman of al-Andalus who lived from 1078 to 1160.[1] Most scholars see the Andalusi Arabic zajal, the stress-syllable versification of which differs significantly from the quantitative meter of classical Arabic poetry, as a form of expression adapted from Romance popular poetry traditions into Arabic—first at the folkloric level and then by lettered poets such as Ibn Quzman.[2]
It is generally conceded that the early ancestors of Levantine dialectical poetry were the Andalusian zajal and muwashshaḥah, brought to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean by Moors fleeing Spain in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.[3] An early master of Egyptian zajal was the fourteenth century zajjāl Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghubārī.[4] Zajal's origins may be ancient but it can be traced back to at least the 12th century. Today, it is most alive in the Levant—especially in Lebanon (see below), Palestine, Syria, and in Jordan where professional zajal practitioners can attain high levels of recognition and popularity—as well as the Maghreb, particularly Morocco and Algeria. Zajal is semi-improvised and semi-sung and is often performed in the format of a debate between zajjalin (poets who improvise the zajal). It is usually accompanied by percussive musical instruments (with the occasional wind instrument, e.g. the ney) and a chorus of men (and more recently, women) who sing parts of the verse.
Egyptian poets known for their literary use of the popular zajal form are Yaqub Sanu, 'Abd Allah al-Nadim, Bayram al-Tunisi, and Ahmed Fouad Negm.[5] Well-known Lebanese zajjaali include Zein Sh'eib, Talih Hamdan, Zaghloul alDamour, Moussa Zgheib, Asaad Said, and Khalil Rukoz.
^Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Volume 2. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-415-18572-1.
^Monroe, James T. (2023-11-30), "Andalusī Heterodoxy and Colloquial Arabic Poetry", The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry, New York: Routledge, pp. 86–107, doi:10.4324/9781003096955-4, ISBN 978-1-003-09695-5, retrieved 2024-02-20
^Yaqub, Nadia G. (2007). Pens, Swords, And the Springs of Art: The Oral Poetry Dueling of Palestinian Weddings in the Galilee. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-90-04-15259-5.
^Hámori, András (1991). The Composition of Mutanabbī's Panegyrics to Sayf Al-Dawla. Leiden: BRILL. p. 14. ISBN 90-04-10217-5.
^Beinin, Joel (1994). "Writing Class: Workers and Modern Egyptian Colloquial Poetry (Zajal)". Poetics Today. 15 (2): 191–215. doi:10.2307/1773164. JSTOR 1773164.
Zajal (Arabic: زجل) is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect. The earliest recorded zajal poet was the poet Ibn...
and importance in the Arabian peninsula, and mock battles in poetry or zajal would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from Mecca...
A little sheikh from the land of Meknes (Arabic شويخ من أرض مكناس) is a zajal by the Sufi poet Al-Shushtari (1212-1269). The poem is often taken as evidence...
maternal grandfather is a Palestinian poet and singer who used to perform zajal at Palestinian weddings. Her paternal grandmother is a pianist from Chile...
varieties of Arabic of its time in its use for literary purposes, especially in zajal poetry and proverbs and aphorisms. In 1502, the Muslims of Granada were...
literature of al-Andalus, and shared important poetic and literary forms such as zajal, the muwashshah, and the maqama. Islamic literature, such as Quranic exegeses...
Classical and MSA. In around the 11th and 12th centuries in al-Andalus, the zajal and muwashah poetry forms developed in the dialectical Arabic of Cordoba...
The traditional music of Jordan has a long history. Rural zajal songs, with improvised poetry played with a mijwiz, tablah, arghul, oud, rabab, and reed...
dreams of statehood and burgeoning nationalist sentiments. In addition to zajal and ataaba, traditional Palestinian songs include: Bein Al-dawai, Al-Rozana...
Arabic with the exception of the concluding couplet, or the kharja, and zajal: a simpler form entirely in vernacular Arabic. The earliest known muwaššaḥs...
groom. Then the zajal leads the sahja. The zajal is a talented singer or close family member who sings the sahja on the spot. The zajal leads the sahja...
Andalusi musical tradition into four types: nashīd, ṣawt, muwashshaḥ, and zajal. A nashīd was classical monorhyme poem consisting of istihlal (استهلال -...
and importance in the Arabian peninsula, and mock battles in poetry or zajal would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from Mecca...
portion of the Almoravid domain, poets such as Ibn Quzman produced popular zajal strophic poetry in vernacular Andalusi Arabic. In the Almoravid period,...
without an Egyptian one caused a controversy in the Arab world. Lebanese zajal and other forms of oral poetry are often in Levantine. Typically, news bulletins...
Toledo, names in botanical texts, occasional isolated romance words in the zajal poetry of Ibn Quzman, and Pedro de Alcalá's Vocabulista. The discovery in...