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For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic drive systems, etc. In pneumatics, the working fluid is air or another gas which transfers force between pneumatic components such as compressors, vacuum pumps, pneumatic cylinders, and pneumatic motors. In pneumatic systems, the working gas also stores energy because it is compressible. (Gases also heat up as they are compressed and cool as they expand; this incidental heat pump is rarely exploited.) (Some gases also condense into liquids as they are compressed and boil as pressure is reduced.)
For passive heat transfer, a working fluid is a gas or liquid, usually called a coolant or heat transfer fluid, that primarily transfers heat into or out of a region of interest by conduction, convection, and/or forced convection (pumped liquid cooling, air cooling, etc.).
The working fluid of a heat engine or heat pump is a gas or liquid, usually called a refrigerant, coolant, or working gas, that primarily converts thermal energy (temperature change) into mechanical energy (or vice versa) by phase change and/or heat of compression and expansion. Examples using phase change include water↔steam in steam engines, and refrigerants in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Examples without phase change include air or hydrogen in hot air engines such as the Stirling engine, air or gases in gas-cycle heat pumps, etc. (Some heat pumps and heat engines use "working solids", such as rubber bands, for elastocaloric refrigeration or thermoelastic cooling and nickel titanium in a prototype heat engine.)
Working fluids other than air or water are necessarily recirculated in a loop. Some hydraulic and passive heat-transfer systems are open to the water supply and/or atmosphere, sometimes through breather filters. Heat engines, heat pumps, and systems using volatile liquids or special gases are usually sealed behind relief valves.
fluid power, a workingfluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid...
being the heat source and the choice of cycle workingfluid. The geothermal reservoir's hot in-situ fluid (or geofluid) is produced to the surface via...
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist...
early as the 1890s. The working principle of the organic Rankine cycle is the same as that of the Rankine cycle: the workingfluid is pumped to a boiler...
usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle. This fluid is called the workingfluid. Refrigeration...
recuperated, high-pressure, Brayton cycle employing a transcritical CO2 workingfluid with an oxy-fuel combustion regime. This cycle begins by burning a gaseous...
making it a desirable candidate workingfluid for transcritical cycles. Supercritical CO2 is used as the workingfluid in domestic water heat pumps. Manufactured...
performed through an incompressible hydraulic fluid inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality...
where a workingfluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then,...
operated by the cyclic expansion and contraction of air or other gas (the workingfluid) by exposing it to different temperatures, resulting in a net conversion...
engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its workingfluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push...
University. Heat energy is supplied to the system via a boiler where the workingfluid (typically water) is converted to a high-pressure gaseous state (steam)...
Modern CPU heat pipes are typically made of copper and use water as the workingfluid. They are common in many consumer electronics like desktops, laptops...
mixture (60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate) as the receiver workingfluid and as a storage medium. The molten salt approach proved effective,...
Fluid bearings are bearings in which the load is supported by a thin layer of rapidly moving pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces. Since...
Cutting fluid is a type of coolant and lubricant designed specifically for metalworking processes, such as machining and stamping. There are various kinds...
Fluid power is the use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. Fluid power is conventionally subdivided into hydraulics (using...
The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's...
turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the workingfluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish...
a workingfluid (liquid or gaseous) flows through a jet nozzle into a tube that first narrows and then expands in cross-sectional area. The fluid leaving...
closed cycle the workingfluid is retained within the engine at the completion of the cycle whereas is an open cycle the workingfluid is either exchanged...
(usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the workingfluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the...
principle is that after completing its cycle in the first engine, the workingfluid (the exhaust) is still hot enough that a second subsequent heat engine...
gases. It is a rotating, airfoil-based compressor in which the gas or workingfluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation, or axially. This...
Carnot engine. In the diagram, the "working body" (system), a term introduced by Clausius in 1850, can be any fluid or vapor body through which heat Q...
cycle where the workingfluid goes through both subcritical and supercritical states. In particular, for power cycles the workingfluid is kept in the...
generally 0.4 to 0.5. A mixture of fluid is used as the workingfluid, different concentrations of the workingfluid correspond to different temperatures...
operation of certain heat engines that have air or some other gas as their workingfluid. It is characterized by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric...
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