Strengthening a material through plastic deformation
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A phenomenological uniaxial stress–strain curve showing typical work hardening plastic behavior of materials in uniaxial compression. For work hardening materials the yield stress increases with increasing plastic deformation. The strain can be decomposed into a recoverable elastic strain (εe) and an inelastic strain (εp). The stress at initial yield is σ0.
In materials science, work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic deformation. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the context.
This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material.[1] Many non-brittle metals with a reasonably high melting point as well as several polymers can be strengthened in this fashion.[2] Alloys not amenable to heat treatment, including low-carbon steel, are often work-hardened. Some materials cannot be work-hardened at low temperatures, such as indium,[3] however others can be strengthened only via work hardening, such as pure copper and aluminum.[4]
^Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 60.
^Van Melick, H. G. H.; Govaert, L. E.; Meijer, H. E. H. (2003), "On the origin of strain hardening in glassy polymers", Polymer, 44 (8): 2493–2502, doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00112-5
^Swenson, C. A. (1955), "Properties of Indium and Thallium at low temperatures", Physical Review, 100 (6): 1607–1614, Bibcode:1955PhRv..100.1607S, doi:10.1103/physrev.100.1607
science, workhardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic deformation. Workhardening may be desirable...
abrasion. When a metal undergoes strain hardening its yield strength increases but its ductility decreases. Strain hardening actually increases the number of...
The strain hardening exponent (also called the strain hardening index), usually denoted n {\displaystyle n} , a constant often used in calculations relating...
following the flow of the metal; which may cause workhardening and anisotropic material properties. Workhardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger...
the desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening...
particulates strengthening structure, at 1-D there is work/forest hardening with line dislocations as the hardening mechanism, and at 2-D there is grain boundary...
deformation proceeds and usually increases as strain accumulates due to workhardening, although the flow stress could decrease due to any recovery process...
where c is a constant determined by yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work-hardening exponent and geometrical factors – usually ranging between 2 and 4....
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cobalt or other elements to maximize solution hardening. This also allows the use of precipitation hardening and improves the alloy's temperature resistance...
traditional cold forming techniques due to rapid workhardening. After the first machining pass, workhardening tends to plastically deform either the workpiece...
acidic or salty materials. The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium)...
which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to the point at which workhardening no longer occurs. The metal (known as the "workpiece") is transported...
Autofrettage is a workhardening process in which a pressure vessel (thick walled) is subjected to enormous pressure, causing internal portions of the...
impacting and seizing on it work-hardens more than the rest of the volume of metal. As a consequence of this workhardening, this first layer of metal...
leave the mass of the metal ready to be work-hardened). Second, the alloy is capable of greater work-hardening than is the case with pure copper, so that...
additional strain. This phenomenon is known as Strain/Workhardening. For a viscoplastic material the hardening curves are not significantly different from those...
Precipitation hardening grades. Grade EN 1.4542 (also known as 17-4 PH), the best-known grade, combines martensitic hardening and precipitation hardening. It achieves...
modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and workhardening. Other important factors are operating conditions, cutting tool material...
Stainless steel has a poor rating because of its toughness and it tends to workharden as it is machined. During the process of reaming friction causes the...
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